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▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式
在語(yǔ)法中,動(dòng)詞不定式是指動(dòng)詞的一種不帶詞形變化從而不指示人稱、數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)的形式。它之所以被叫做不定式,是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不被限定,或者說(shuō)不被詞形變化所局限。不定式屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。然而在一些語(yǔ)言里(例如葡萄牙語(yǔ)),存在著受時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)量影響。
不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例): 主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing / 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式。不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如: They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。 He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。
2) 不定式的完成式。不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如: She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。 I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。 It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式。不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如: It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,這些天一直幫我們。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。 We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒(méi)料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如: They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。 We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如: Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。 He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。
6) 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式。不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如: On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。 When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。 The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢。 介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如: Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。 I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.騎自行車到那兒將花費(fèi)我們半個(gè)小時(shí)。
To make up for lost time is not possible.要彌補(bǔ)失去的時(shí)光是不可能的。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.身子探出窗外很危險(xiǎn)。
To save money now seems impossible.現(xiàn)在好像不可能存錢。
(2)用it作形式主語(yǔ),把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①It+be+名詞+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.照顧老人是我們的責(zé)任。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.在馬路上亂丟廢物是違章的。
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work你花了多少時(shí)間來(lái)完成這項(xiàng)工作
③It+be+形容詞+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.我們難以在四分之一小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這篇作文。
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.你把老師說(shuō)的所有東西都記下來(lái)的行為是很愚蠢的。
④It seems(appears)+形容詞+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is+形容詞+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.
⑤It + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train.他認(rèn)為乘火車比較安全。
He will find it is hard to make friends.他會(huì)感覺(jué)到交朋友困難。
⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主語(yǔ)
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.兩次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤是不可原諒的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.愛(ài)過(guò)而后失去了愛(ài),比從未愛(ài)過(guò)要好。
(3)舉例
(1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;
the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候,鎖車是有必要的。
(2) It's very kind of him to help us.他幫助我們,他真好。
Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考慮周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。
注意:(1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
(2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
(3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用It is… to…的句型
(對(duì))To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)
1) 以下動(dòng)詞后,只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)
afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(顯得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (試圖),care(想要),choose(決定),claim(聲稱),condescend(屈尊),consent(準(zhǔn)許),decide(決定),demand(要求),determine(決心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(幫助),hesitate(猶豫),hope(希望),learn(學(xué)會(huì)),manage(設(shè)法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主動(dòng)提出),plan(計(jì)劃),prepare(準(zhǔn)備),pretend(假裝),proceed(接著做),promise(答應(yīng)),prove(證明),refuse(拒絕),resolve(解決),seem(覺(jué)得好像),swear(發(fā)誓),tend(往往會(huì)),threaten(預(yù)示),undertake(承諾),volunteer(自愿做),vow(發(fā)誓),want(想要),wish(希望)
舉例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。
2) 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ 不定式
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
3)當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),先用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式,把不定式置于補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后,即:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+it+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
I find it difficult to learn English well.
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:advise,allow,believe,cause,challenge,compel,declare,encourage,forbid,force,find,hire,induce,instruct,invite,like,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,select,send,suppose,tell,train,urge
例句:
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠!?/p>
b.We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(聲稱),discover, fancy(設(shè)想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show,suppose,take(以為),understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
3) to be +形容詞
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。
4)there be+不定式
常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞:believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ),如regard,think believe,take,consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father .瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
5)禿頭不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
禿頭不定式, 即不帶“to”的不定式,其語(yǔ)法功能一般在句子中作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))。
用禿頭不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的常用動(dòng)詞如下:
口訣:“五看、三使役“,“兩聽(tīng)、一感”要記住,若是“賓補(bǔ)”變“主補(bǔ)”,主補(bǔ)“to”字不能無(wú)。動(dòng)詞let屬例外,其賓補(bǔ)/主補(bǔ)“to”均無(wú)。說(shuō)明:
五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;兩聽(tīng)-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel。
例句:I often see him go to school on foot.(禿頭不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),要帶“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主補(bǔ)與賓補(bǔ)均用禿頭不定式)
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式作表語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)動(dòng)作;動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示抽象的一般行為。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí),其含義一是條件,一是結(jié)果(例①)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組(例②)時(shí),或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句(例③),不定 式說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),與主語(yǔ)部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征,另外,動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)
(1)目的狀語(yǔ)
To… only to (僅僅為了),in order to,so as to,so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
(2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
(3)表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sitB. sit onC. be seatD. be sat on
答案:B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí),常位于“形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):"To"-不定式
在英語(yǔ)中不定式最常用于質(zhì)詞"to"之后, 例如在 "to walk", "to cry", "to eat", "to fear".這種用法叫做to-infinitive。莎士比亞在著作哈姆雷特的獨(dú)白時(shí)就大量采用了這類不定式動(dòng)詞。
To be or not to be ...
To sleep, perchance to dream ...
經(jīng)常跟在to后形成不定式的動(dòng)詞包括:
例如:
I arranged to stay the night. ("我已安定好今晚留在這里。")
We intend to go skiing this weekend. ("我們打算這個(gè)周末去滑雪。")
I swear to honour you. ("我發(fā)誓為你增光。")
He sought to notify them of this new occurrence.
這些有賓詞,然后加上有to的不定式的動(dòng)詞包括 (連同以上帶有星號(hào)的動(dòng)詞): advise, allow, challenge, command, compel, condemn, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, induce, inspire, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, program, remind, teach, tell, train, urge, warn.
有些動(dòng)詞之后加 for + 賓詞 + to-然后不定式. 通常這些動(dòng)詞包含渴望的意思,不能單單在后面加上賓詞和不定式 (though an infinitive alone may work). 這些動(dòng)詞包括 apply, arrange, ask, call, clamour, long, opt, plead, press, vote, wait, wish, yearn.
例如:
I have arranged for the neighbour to water the plants. (“我已安排好鄰居給植物給水?!保?/p>
I pleaded for him to accompany me to the theatre. (“我懇求他陪我去看戲?!保?/p>
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
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