2017年高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

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▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

一般用法

1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are +及物動詞的過去分詞

Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

I am asked to study hard by my mother.

Knives are used for cutting things.

2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞

The new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been +及物動詞的過去分詞

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being +及物動詞的過去分詞

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被動語態(tài)：to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞

There are two books to be read. →

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

特殊用法

1.不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。 如：happen, break down, come out......

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2.有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。 如： write, sell, ride.....

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3.感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶“to”，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上“to”。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4.如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語（物）作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5.一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。

We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

構(gòu)成：be+done.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

特別提醒：

有些動詞后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，但改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)后要加上“to”。

例如：

We heard him singing in his room just now.

-He was heard to sing in his room just now.

剛才聽到他在房間中唱歌。

need doing something也表示被動

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式,被動語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：

1 am/is/are +done (過去分詞)一般現(xiàn)在時

Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2 has /have been done現(xiàn)在完成時

All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3 am/is /are being done現(xiàn)在進行時

A new cinema is being built here．

4 was/were done一般過去時

I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5 had been done過去完成時

By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6 was/were being done過去進行時

A meeting was being held when I was there.

7 shall/will be done一般將來時

Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8 should/would be done過去將來時

The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9 shall/will have been done將來完成時（少用）

The project will have been completed before July.

10 should/would have been done過去將來完成時（少用）

He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1 帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。

The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3 當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。

Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4 在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5 有些相當于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞+介詞”，“動詞+副詞”等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)

v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài))。

I don't like being laughed at in the public.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

如何使用被動語態(tài)

學習被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。

1 講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者(這時可省by短語)。

My bike was stolen last night.

2 借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。

I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3 為了更好地安排句子。

The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.（一個主語就夠了）

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

It is said that+從句及其他類似句型

一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+be+過去分詞+to do sth.”。有：

It is said that…據(jù)說……

It is reported that…據(jù)報道……

It is believed that…大家相信……

It is hoped that…大家希望……

It is well-known that…眾所周知……

It is thought that…大家認為……

It is suggested that…據(jù)建議……

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）

四、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義

1 英語中有很多動詞如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表達被動意義,主語通常是物。

This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door won't lock．（指門本身有毛病）

The door won't be locked．（指不會有人來鎖門,指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）

2 表示“發(fā)生、進行”的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。

How do the newspapers come out這些報紙是如何引出來的呢

3 系動詞沒有被動形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。

Your reason sounds reasonable.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義

在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義

1 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。

The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．這房子需要修理。

2 形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。

The picture-book is well worth reading．（=The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）

3 動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。

I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：

I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted (此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)

4 在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.

5 在too… to…結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應用主動形式表示被動意義。

This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6 在there be…句型中，當動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，誰lost time不明確。）

7 在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應用主動表主動,被動表被動。然而,由于古英語的影響,下列動詞rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。

Who is to blame for starting the fire

▲高考英語語法必考知識點：被動語態(tài)的用法

介詞in，on等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義

表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當于該名詞相應動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。

1 “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進行中”。常見的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治療中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在討論中）, under construction（在施工中）。

The building is under construction( is being constructed).

2 “beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎……勝過……、范圍、限度”。常見的有：beyond belief (令人難以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭長莫及），beyond one’s control（無法控制），beyond our hope．我們的成功始料不及。

The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．

3 “above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等)超過……、高于……”。

His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．

4 “for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“適于……、為著……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。

That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).

5 “in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在……過程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi))，等。

The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)

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