2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

2016/09/27 03:13:51文/網(wǎng)編3

學(xué)分網(wǎng)給各位考生整理了2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點,希望對大家有所幫助。更多的資訊請持續(xù)關(guān)注學(xué)分網(wǎng)。(http://mlvmservice.com/)

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的正確使用

[例] They have all sorts of course. (2006陜西高考·改錯 )

[析] 英語中,名詞有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的形式。本題中的course是可數(shù)名詞,意指“課程”,故應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式courses。

復(fù)數(shù)名詞的變化規(guī)律

1.一般名詞復(fù)數(shù)是在名詞后面加上“s”,如map→maps, bag→bags等;

2.以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞加“es”,如bus→buses, watch→watches等;

3.以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i加es,如baby→babies等;以元音字母+ y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,直接加s變復(fù)數(shù),如monkey→monkeys, holiday→holidays, storey→storeys(樓層);

4.以o 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時:

a)加s的名詞有:photo→photos ,piano→pianos, radio→radios, zoo→zoos

b)加es的名詞有:

potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes

5.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時:

a)加s的名詞有:

belief→beliefs roof→roofs

safe→safes gulf→gulfs

b)去掉f, fe 加ves的名詞有:

half→halves knife→knives

leaf→leaves wolf→wolves

wife→wives life→lives thief→thieves

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

僅以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞

[例] Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (2000安徽春考·改錯)

[析] Many happy returns of the day! 是一句固定的生日祝語,相當(dāng)于漢語的“祝你年年有今日,歲歲有今朝!”returns 在此處便是約定俗成的用法。除這一結(jié)構(gòu)外,像shake hands with (= shake sb’s hand), make friends with和change seats / trains / buses等常用的結(jié)構(gòu),及thanks, cheers, congratulations, things(情況), affairs, feelings, as follows(如下), in tears, in ruins, in pieces, in chains(被囚禁), in high spirits, in one’s teens / twenties, in the 1990’s (或in the 1990s), into halves, good manners, give one’s regards / best wishes to, make contributions to, make preparations for等,也都是常用或只用復(fù)數(shù)的名詞式。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

純粹不可數(shù)名詞的使用

[例] I’m glad you have made such a great progress that... (2006江西高考·改錯)

[析] 在英語中,有些名詞, 如advice(建議), news, information, fun, weather, progress, homework, housework等,無論在什么情況下都是不可數(shù)的,所以這些詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不可把其與不定冠詞連用??梢?,such a great progress 使用有誤(須改為such great progress)。再例: She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when she smelt something burning. (2004高考福建卷·改錯)由于homework為不可數(shù)名詞,所以,作業(yè)再多,也無復(fù)數(shù)。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

轉(zhuǎn)義名詞的考查熱點

[例] When you finish reading the book, you will have ______ better understanding of ______ life A. a; the B. the; a C. 不填; the D. a; 不填

[析] 本題旨在考查考生對understanding和life這兩個名詞可數(shù)性的界定:understanding已為轉(zhuǎn)義用法,life在此泛指“人生”,是不可數(shù)名詞,故而便可正確選用冠詞。

轉(zhuǎn)義名詞主要分為兩類:①把抽象意義轉(zhuǎn)化為具體意義,因而賦予其可數(shù)功能;②把具體意義的名詞抽象化,從而賦予其不可數(shù)性。

轉(zhuǎn)義名詞一直是高考測試的熱點。其考查主要出現(xiàn)在單項和短文改錯題中。

其??紵狳c如下:

(1)抽象轉(zhuǎn)具體: pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意為“...的人 / 物”。如: The meeting is a success.

(2)抽象轉(zhuǎn)具體: worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等,指“一種”、“一場”及“多種”、“多場”時,有其單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.

(3)抽象轉(zhuǎn)具體: a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如: He has a good practical knowledge of computer science

(4)具體轉(zhuǎn)抽象: school, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church等,都是可數(shù)名詞,可以有具體的意義,如a school, three schools。

再例如:

When you come here for your holiday next time, don't go to _____ hotel; I can find you _____ bed in my flat. A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填

但是,在不用冠詞、不用復(fù)數(shù),而只突出與之有關(guān)的活動時,它們便失去了具體意義。如: go to school, at table等。

再例如:

When he left ______ college, he got a job as ______ reporter in a newspaper office. A. 不填; a B. 不填; the C. a; the D. the; the

(5)具體轉(zhuǎn)抽象: day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色時,表達抽象概念(注意其前不用冠詞)。如: Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

名詞與形容詞定語的區(qū)別

[例] There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.(2004全國高考III·改錯)

[析] 形容詞和名詞都可作定語,但有時含義有別,有時則出現(xiàn)錯誤。如可說a golden medal(一塊鍍金獎牌/一塊金色的獎牌),也可以說a gold medal (一塊金牌); 但可說a chemistry teacher(化學(xué)老師),而不可說a chemical teacher(化學(xué)原料做的老師),但可說a chemical works(一家化工廠)。據(jù)此可見,此題中的“個人信息”不應(yīng)用person information表達。

另應(yīng)注意,除man, woman常用“單單 (a woman doctor)”、“復(fù)復(fù) (two women doctors)”式,及一些特殊詞,如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等以外,用作修飾詞的名詞,一般都要用單數(shù)式。如: a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

與動詞或介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配

[例] It is said that dogs will keep you _____ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. A. safety B. company C. house D. friend

[析] 無論是動賓結(jié)構(gòu)還是介賓結(jié)構(gòu),有時名詞雖然近義,但卻不能主觀臆斷,而要選擇固定的搭配式。本題的keep sb company就是一個典型的固定搭配式,意為“與……為伴”。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

名詞搭配的語境限定 [例] You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ________. (2006廣東高考) A. date B. shape C. order D. balance

[析] out of date 意為“過期,不時髦”;out of shape意思是“不成形的”;out of order就是in disorder,意為“亂七八糟的”。搭配并無問題,而意義決定了B是正確答案。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點:名詞考點

名詞的同、近義詞辨析

[例] I’m sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______ of direction. A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense

[析] 名詞的同、近義詞辨析,不僅僅較多地應(yīng)用于書面表達,而且還可以較為靈活地設(shè)題于單項填空、完形填空或短文改錯題中。本題的四個近義詞選項中,sense的“意識”性更強,因而答案選D。

常易設(shè)題的同、近義名詞有如下各組:

(1)cause, reason, excuse, explanation;

(2)family, home, house, room, space;

(3)sign, signal, mark, example, symbol;

(4)award, reward, prize, money;

(5)value, price, cost, charge;

(6)kind, sort, type, variety;

(7)range, reach, distance, length;

(8)news, word, message, information, notice;

(9)energy, force, strength, power;

(10)accident, incident, affair, event, business, matter;

(11)practice, training, exercise, drill;

推薦閱讀:

2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:定語從句易錯題
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:強調(diào)句與從句的比較
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:強調(diào)句
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:獨立主格

THE END

最新文章

相關(guān)文章

2022年托??荚囐M用 托福考試多少錢一次
一對一英語網(wǎng)課平臺有哪些 一對一英語網(wǎng)課哪些好
線上一對一英語有效果嗎 線上一對一英語好嗎
哪個英語線上課程比較好 英語線上課程怎么樣
線上英語課哪個好 線上英語課靠譜嗎