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吐魯番高昌故城講解詞篇一
turpan basin is an olive shaped intermountain basin in the east of tianshanmountains. it is surrounded by mountains, high in the north and low in thesouth, wide in the west and narrow in the east. due to the himalayan orogenyabout 30 million years ago, a variety of geological structures and landformshave been formed. in the north there is bogda peak, which is covered with snowall the year round at an altitude of 5445 meters. in the middle there is flamingmountain, which stretches 100 kilometers from east to west. in the flamingmountain, there is a famous grape valley 7 kilometers long. the most peculiar isaiding lake, which is 154 meters below sea level. it is the lowest basin inchina and the second dead sea of jordan, which is 391 meters below sea level thesecond lowest land in the world. turpan basin integrates snow mountains, rivervalleys, sand dunes and lakes, just like a giant landscape painting, which makespeople stop and linger.
because of its unique geographical environment, turpan has become the placewith the highest temperature in summer in china. from june to august every year,the average temperature here ranges from 35 ℃ to 37 ℃, the extreme maximumtemperature reaches 49.6 ℃, and the surface temperature exceeds 70 ℃. therefore,people describe it as "a place where eggs can be baked in sand nest and bigcakes can be baked on stone slab". when our cars travel through the village, wecan also see such a novel phenomenon, that is, every family's bed is placedoutside the house, which is how the local residents spend the hot ore, it is appropriate for people to call turpan "huozhou" since ancienttimes. however, although the absolute temperature here is very high, thetemperature difference between day and night is large. in addition, there areoften strong winds in the basin. even if it is extremely hot during the day,once the sun sets and night falls, the temperature will gradually cool ally in spring and autumn, the temperature difference is more obvious,
just like two seasons, "wearing fur coat in the morning and yarn in theafternoon" is a true portrayal of the climate characteristics of turpanbasin.
turpan is dry and rainless. almost 10 months of the year, there is no rainor snow. the average annual precipitation is 16.6 mm, but the evaporation is ashigh as 3000 mm. the precipitation season is mainly in summer. the climate ofturpan basin is often described as "dry without rain" because of small rainfall,coarse raindrop and short precipitation time. as a part of precipitation,snowfall is rare in turpan basin. the average snowfall in winter is less than2mm. however, the year-round snow on bogda mountain provides endless water forthe basin. by digging the kaner well, the local people lead the melting waterfrom the snow mountain to the ground through the underground flow, irrigate thefertile land, and breed a vibrant desert oasis.
the closed basin, thin cloud cover, strong solar radiation and extremelyhigh temperature form abundant heat resources. in turpan basin, where the sky ishigh and the clouds are light, the annual sunshine hours are more than 3000hours. abundant heat resources provide an ideal environment for the growth ofthermophilic crops such as melons, fruits and cotton. for example, turpan grape,which is famous at home and abroad, has a history of more than 20__ years andhas more than 300 varieties. after testing, the sugar content of turpan grape isas high as 22% - 26%, which is higher than that of california grape (20%) withthe highest sugar content. turpan grape is the sweetest grape in the ts, after introducing the geography of turpan, let's review itshistory
turpan, known as gaochang, xizhou and huozhou in ancient times, became thepolitical, economic and cultural center of the western regions more than 20__years ago in the western han dynasty, and was a famous town on the ancient silkroad. the former state of cheshi, built by local cheshi people, once dominatedhere for a while. in the jin dynasty, it was the location of the capital of thewestern regions, where the "gaochang county" was established. after the fall ofgaochang kingdom, the tang dynasty set up "xizhou" here. in song dynasty, theuighur people moved westward and established the kingdom of gaochang. in yuanand ming dynasties, "huozhou" and "hezhou" were established. zhili hall ofturpan was set up in qing dynasty. turpan county was set up in 1913. in 1985,the county was removed and turpan city was established. turpan was also one ofthe earliest regions in xinjiang to open to the outside world. since the han andtang dynasties, foreign exchanges have been very frequent. businessmen, monksand envoys from the central plains to india, persia and the mediterranean coasthave come in an endless stream, leaving turpan with many beautiful ts, coming to turpan, seem to have read a thick historical picture. thereare the ancient cities of jiaohe and gaochang, which are full of thevicissitudes of war, the exquisite and gorgeous frescoes of bazkrik dry buddhacave, the ancient tombs of astana, which is known as the underground museum, andthe sugong pagoda, which is an ancient building with islamic style. they showpeople the historical features of different times. history has left turpan notonly ruins, but also a long culture. the folk customs here are rich andcolorful, and the people here are enthusiastic and good at singing and at night in turpan hotel grape rack, while tasting fruits, while enjoying"wheat"
the "seraph" party will definitely make you feel relaxed and ts, this is the general situation of turpan. maybe some tourists have tosay that after talking for a long time, i haven't expressed the chinese meaningof "turpan". yes, turpan is a turkic language, which means "rich and fertileplace". after listening to the translation of the name and comparing with theprevious introduction, do you have the same feeling? i hope turpan, a beautifuland rich place, can add more fun to your travel.
2 tour guide to the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik the specialgeographical location of the silk road makes xinjiang an important channel forcultural exchanges between the east and the west. therefore, religious art inxinjiang is very prosperous, and all major religions have a place here. inaddition to islam, nestorianism and manichaeism, buddhism has the mostfar-reaching influence. caves and stone carvings all over xinjiang fully provethis. today we are going to visit is located in the middle of the flame mountaingorge in the baizikrik thousand buddha cave. origin of the name → historicalstatus → general situation of the caves
bozikrik thousand buddha cave, known as "ningrong grottoes" in tangdynasty, is located in mutougou gorge of huoyan mountain, about 60 km northeastof turpan city, only 15 km south of the old city of gaochang. it is one of thelarger and famous buddhist grottoes in xinjiang. bozikrik means "hillside" inuighur and "decorative painting" in turkic.
bozikrik thousand buddha cave was first excavated in the late northern andsouthern dynasties, namely the qushi gaochang state (ad
during the seven centuries of tang, five dynasties, song and yuandynasties, it was one of the buddhist centers in the western regions. gaochanguighur period (9th-13th century a.d.) is the most prosperous period of thegrottoes. therefore, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik is considered as "themost important, the most abundant, the most complete and the most representativeart treasure house in uighur buddhist art". tourists, now we come to thethousand buddha cave scenic area. there are 83 caves and 77 existing numberedcaves. among them, there are more than 40 caves with residual murals. the totalarea of murals is 1200 square meters. it is the largest number of caves and themost abundant murals in turpan. there are various forms of grottoes, such ashorizontal top straight cave, central pillar cave, square double set cave anddome square cave, and some built temples and buddha platform in the middle ofthe grottoes.
[mural content → jiyue painting in cave 16 → hell change in cave 17 → greatlotus in cave 18 - uighur king in gaochang in cave 20 → manichaeism in cave 38 →small commemorative shadow cave in cave 82 → 83]
walking down the steps at the entrance, we can see more than a dozen cavesopen to tourists. the light in the caves is not very strong, and the mottledpictures on the inner wall of the arch can be seen faintly. each line isdepicted in detail. the ribbons of the characters are very dynamic, but many ofthe characters are incomplete, which is a pity.
the frescoes in the bozikrik grottoes mainly include the "buddha" with alarge-scale portrait of buddha as the center
the purpose of these paintings is to glorify the buddhist dharma forworshiping good men and women. from the 6th century to the 12th century, it hasalways been an important place for buddhism in gaochang kingdom. manyinscriptions in ancient huique script, chinese script and baltic script arestill preserved in the grottoes, which are valuable materials for studyingancient scripts. the architectural style and painting skills of the grottoes arealso of high research value. in 1982, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik waslisted as a national key cultural relic protection unit.
tourists, let's first visit cave 16. cave 16 was excavated in the middletang dynasty. there is a picture of jiyue in the cave. in the picture,xiaohulei, an ancient musical instrument, appeared for the first time in chinesebuddhist caves. hulei, also known as the dragon head pipa, originated fromnanzhao music of tang dynasty. it is shaped like a pear with a stick, a dragonhead with two strings, a boa skin covering the abdomen, and a sandalwood authentic products are now stored in the palace museum of beijing. next,let's look at caves 17 and 18. these two caves are the earliest in the wholegrottoes group, which were excavated in the late northern and southern dynastiesfrom the 6th to 7th century. let's first take a look at the mural "hell changes"in cave 17, which is very similar to the painting of mani's teaching aidmansion, which is rare in china. there is a big lotus flower in the center ofthe top of cave 18, which is filled with geometric patterns such as triangle andfour leaves in the middle. it is elegant and solemn, with nationalcharacteristics.
next, let's visit cave 20. the murals in the grottoes show images of theuighur king and queen of gaochang. the uighur king of gaochang was wearing alotus petal shaped crown, a round collar wide sleeve robe, a middle belt, blackboots and other daily necessities. the queen is plump, wearing a crown and a redcoat with lapels and narrow sleeves. the color of the portrait is gorgeous, thelines are smooth and the drawing is exquisite. beside the portrait is theinscription of huique. this group of murals is highly artistic and is one of therepresentative works of the whole thousand buddha cave murals. unfortunately,the original mural is on display in the berlin museum in germany, and the colorphotos on display in the cave are based on the original. the frescoes in cave 38are different from those before. they are about ancient manichaeism. there arethree trees in the frescoes behind the grottoes, under which there are manyimages of monks and nuns dressed in white and feathered people with wings, whichshow respect for manichaeism. manichaeism is a religion founded by persian mani,also known as mingjiao, which worships the god of light. from the 9th century tothe 12th century, gaochang uighur kingdom was the center of manichaeism in theworld. manichaeism once became the state religion of gaochang uighur we come to cave 82 and 83, which is under ganfo cave and beside is a small commemorative shadow cave specially built for buddhist eminentmonks during the reign of emperor gaochang in the 10th and 11th centuries a.d. apottery relic box and a gold foil wrapping paper used by buddhists wereunearthed here. the ink mark on it indicates that the gold foil shop was locatedin the south of taihelou street in hangzhou in song dynasty. this gold foilwrapping paper proves that gaochang uighur kingdom had quite close economic andtrade contacts with the song dynasty from the 11th to the 12th century.
tourists, from the murals of the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik, we cansee xinjiang buddhism
the long history of culture makes us have a deeper understanding of thebroad and profound culture of xinjiang. the past of xinjiang is brilliant, andwe believe that the future of xinjiang will be more brilliant.
吐魯番高昌故城講解詞篇二
高昌故城遺址坐落在吐魯番市東面約四十公里的哈拉和卓鄉(xiāng)所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木頭溝溝口(勝金口)約6.5公里，東距鄯善縣城約55公里，屬吐魯番文物局管轄。它是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門(mén)戶。高昌故城的維吾爾語(yǔ)稱亦都護(hù)城，即"王城"之意，因?yàn)榇顺菫楦卟佞X王國(guó)的都城，故名。
1961年被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文保護(hù)單位。被譽(yù)為“長(zhǎng)安遠(yuǎn)在西域的翻版”曾經(jīng)有一位考古學(xué)家這樣說(shuō)“如果想知道盛唐時(shí)的長(zhǎng)安城是什么樣，就來(lái)吐魯番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐時(shí)長(zhǎng)安遠(yuǎn)在西域的翻版”時(shí)光已逝千年，但當(dāng)時(shí)的繁盛仍依稀可見(jiàn)。
高昌故城奠基于公元前一世紀(jì)，是西漢王朝在車師前國(guó)境內(nèi)的屯田部隊(duì)所建?！稘h書(shū)》中最早提到了“高昌壁”?！侗笔?西域傳》記載：“昔漢武遣兵西討，師旅頓敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地勢(shì)高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。漢、魏、晉歷代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被稱為“戊己校尉城”。
公元320__年，前涼張駿在此“置高昌郡，立田地縣”(《初學(xué)記》卷八引顧野三《輿地志》)。繼之又先后為河西走廊的前奏、后涼、西涼、北涼所管轄。442年，北涼殘余勢(shì)力在沮渠無(wú)諱率領(lǐng)下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政權(quán)。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，滅車師前國(guó)，吐魯番盆地政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的中心遂由交河城完全轉(zhuǎn)移到高昌城。460年，柔然人殺北涼王安周，“以闞伯周為高昌王。高昌之稱王自此始也”(《周書(shū)。高昌傳》)。
此后張、馬、麴氏在高昌相繼稱王，其中以麴氏高昌統(tǒng)治時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，達(dá)一百四十余年(499-640)。
這些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的冊(cè)封。麴伯雅還曾到隋朝長(zhǎng)安朝覲，并娶隋華容公主為妻。
640年，唐吏部尚書(shū)侯君集帶兵統(tǒng)一了高昌，在此置西州，下轄高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五縣。由侯君集所得高昌國(guó)戶籍檔案統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)有人口三萬(wàn)七千。
八世紀(jì)末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占據(jù)了高昌。
九世紀(jì)中葉以后，漠北草原回鶻汗國(guó)衰亡后，西遷的部分余眾攻下高昌，在此建立了回鶻高昌國(guó)。其疆域最盛時(shí)包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龜茲二都督府之地。此外還統(tǒng)有分布在羅布淖一帶的眾熨及其它一些別的民族或部落，地域范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了今吐魯番盆地。1220__年，高昌回鶻臣附蒙古，成吉思汗賜回鶻高昌王為自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。
十三世紀(jì)以后，天山以北廣大地區(qū)的西北蒙古游牧貴族以海都、都哇為首發(fā)動(dòng)叛亂，堅(jiān)持“仍舊要生活在草原上，不能到城市地區(qū)去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣屬于元朝的回鶻高昌國(guó)，1275年一次出兵十二萬(wàn)圍攻火州(高昌)達(dá)半年之久，后來(lái)亦都護(hù)(高昌王號(hào))火赤哈爾的斤終于戰(zhàn)死在同海都、都哇的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)火延續(xù)四十余年之久，高昌城在戰(zhàn)亂中被毀。
元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗冊(cè)封繼承高王位的火赤哈爾的斤的兒子紐林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“領(lǐng)兵火州，復(fù)立畏兀兒城池”(《元史?巴而術(shù)阿爾忒的斤傳》)。由于高昌城在戰(zhàn)火中毀壞過(guò)甚，這次重建的火州城已不在高昌舊址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝統(tǒng)治瓦解后，火洲部割據(jù)處稱“地面”，故《明史》稱：“火州……東有荒城，即高昌國(guó)都”。
登高眺望，全程平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形，布局可以分為外城、內(nèi)城和宮城三部分。城垣保存較完整。
外城略呈方形，周長(zhǎng)約五公里，占地面二百萬(wàn)平方米。城墻為夯筑，墻基厚約12米，高11.5米，周長(zhǎng)約5公里;夯土筑成，夯層厚8-12厘米，間雜少量的土坯，有清楚地夾棍眼;城垣外側(cè)有突出的垛臺(tái)一“馬面”建筑。
高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一萬(wàn)平方米，由大門(mén)、庭院、講經(jīng)堂、藏經(jīng)樓、大殿、僧房等組成。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫(huà)上的聯(lián)珠紋圖案分析，其建筑年代約在公元六世紀(jì)。寺院附近還殘存一些“坊”、“市”遺址，可能是小手工業(yè)者的作坊和商業(yè)市場(chǎng)。外城的東南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多邊形的塔和一個(gè)禮拜窟(支提窟)，是城內(nèi)唯一保存有較好壁畫(huà)的地方。從壁畫(huà)的風(fēng)格和塔的造型分析，為回鶻高昌后期(公元12-13世紀(jì))的建筑。
內(nèi)城北部正中有一平面不規(guī)則略呈正方形的小堡壘，當(dāng)?shù)亟小翱珊贡ぁ薄１?nèi)北面的高臺(tái)上有一高達(dá)十五米的夯筑方形塔狀建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下雙層建筑物，現(xiàn)僅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有寬大的階梯式門(mén)道供出入，規(guī)模雖不大，但與交河故城現(xiàn)存唐代最豪華的一所官署衙門(mén)建筑形式相同，可能是一宮殿遺址。解放前，一支德國(guó)考察隊(duì)曾在堡內(nèi)東南角盜掘出一方“北涼承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政權(quán)的北涼王，據(jù)該碑推斷，此堡可能是當(dāng)時(shí)的宮城，并有王室寺院。
北部的宮城內(nèi)留存許多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高達(dá)四層的宮殿建筑遺址。
高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在這里。整個(gè)墓群從城東北一直延伸到城西北，東西長(zhǎng)約五公里，南北寬兩公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世紀(jì)初以來(lái)，在這里發(fā)掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文書(shū)、絲毛棉麻織物、墓志、錢(qián)幣、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、繪畫(huà)、農(nóng)作物、瓜果食品等各種歷史文物，數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)。
實(shí)地考察，證之文獻(xiàn)資料，高昌郡時(shí)期高昌城已經(jīng)有了現(xiàn)存的內(nèi)城。外城墻是麴氏高昌時(shí)期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的屬于這一時(shí)期的文書(shū)中有“北坊中城”、“東南坊”、“西南坊”等記載，說(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)此城已經(jīng)有中、外之分，東、南、西、北之別。見(jiàn)于文書(shū)中的城門(mén)有青陽(yáng)門(mén)、建陽(yáng)門(mén)、玄德門(mén)、武城門(mén)、金章門(mén)、金福門(mén)等。敦煌莫高窟藏經(jīng)洞發(fā)現(xiàn)的《西州圖經(jīng)》中記：“圣人塔，在子城東北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宮城在今“可汗堡”內(nèi)。麴氏高昌時(shí)期隨著外城的修建，宮城遂遷移到北部，南面而王，與隋唐時(shí)長(zhǎng)安城的布局相似?；佞X高昌時(shí)期宮城內(nèi)又曾大興土木。
漢唐以來(lái)，高昌是連接中原中亞、歐洲的樞紐。經(jīng)貿(mào)活動(dòng)十分活躍，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)由高昌傳入內(nèi)地，毫不夸張的說(shuō)，它是世界古代宗教最活躍最發(fā)達(dá)的地方，也是世界宗教文化薈萃的寶地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，為了提高佛教學(xué)水平，不畏殺身之禍，于公元620__年偷偷離開(kāi)長(zhǎng)安，出玉門(mén)，經(jīng)高昌，沿絲綢中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度諸國(guó)，歷時(shí)20__年。在高昌，玄奘誦經(jīng)講佛，與高昌王拜為兄弟，留下一段千古佳話。
高昌故城自公元前一世紀(jì)建高昌壁，到十三世紀(jì)廢棄，使用了一千三百多年。始建時(shí)間距今已有兩千多年了。它是吐魯番地區(qū)千年滄桑的見(jiàn)證。
1988年被列為國(guó)家級(jí)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。
吐魯番高昌故城講解詞篇三
各位游客：
歡迎大家來(lái)到吐魯番。提起吐魯番，人們就會(huì)情不自禁地想起“西部歌王”王洛賓，他那“吐魯番的葡萄熟了，阿娜爾罕的心兒醉了”，美妙的歌詞，動(dòng)人的旋律，把我們帶入了一個(gè)如詩(shī)如畫(huà)的境界。下面就讓我們走進(jìn)吐魯番，共同去感受一下它的神奇魅力吧!
吐魯番的地理特點(diǎn)→氣候特征
“最熱、最低、最旱、最甜”，這是人們對(duì)吐魯番的形象描述，也準(zhǔn)確地概括了吐魯番的地理和氣候特點(diǎn)。
游客們，我們先來(lái)介紹一下吐魯番的地理位置和地形特征。吐魯番地區(qū)位于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的中部，東面與哈密接壤，西、南面與巴音郭楞接壤，西北距烏魯木齊市183、公里，北面與昌吉毗鄰。東西長(zhǎng)約300公里，南北寬約240公里，面積6.四萬(wàn)平方公里，占全疆總面積的4.2%。地形特點(diǎn)是兩山夾一盆，博格達(dá)山和庫(kù)魯克塔格山南北夾峙，中間是吐魯番盆地。地區(qū)下轄二縣一市，即都善縣、托克遜縣和吐魯番市?？?cè)丝诩s52萬(wàn)。主要民族有維吾爾、漢、回、哈薩克、滿、俄羅斯等。
吐魯番盆地是天山東部一個(gè)東西橫置的形如橄欖狀的山間盆地，四周環(huán)山，北高南低，西寬東窄。由于距今約3000萬(wàn)年前的喜馬拉雅造山運(yùn)動(dòng)，塑造了奇特多樣的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和地貌形態(tài)。北面有常年覆蓋著皚皚白雪的海拔5445米的天山博格達(dá)峰，中部有橫臥東西綿延100公里的赤熱的火焰山，還有火焰山脈中聞名天下的7公里長(zhǎng)的葡萄溝，最奇特的是低于海平面154米的盆底艾丁湖，是我國(guó)最低的盆地，在世界上也僅次子低于海平面391米的約旦死海，為世界第二低地。吐魯番盆地集雪山、河谷、沙丘、湖泊為一體，猶如一幅巨型的風(fēng)景畫(huà)卷，讓人駐足流連。
由于其獨(dú)特的地理環(huán)境，吐魯番成了中國(guó)夏季氣溫最高的地方，每年6—8月，這里平均氣溫為35℃一37℃之間，極端最高氣溫達(dá)49.6℃，而地表溫度超過(guò)70℃，所以人們形容這里“沙窩里能烤熟雞蛋，石板上能烙熟大餅”。當(dāng)我們的汽車行駛穿梭在村莊里時(shí)，還可以看到這樣新奇的現(xiàn)象，即家家戶戶的床都放在屋外，當(dāng)?shù)氐木用窬褪沁@樣來(lái)度過(guò)炎熱的夏季的。因此從古到今人們把吐魯番稱為“火洲”也是恰如其分的。不過(guò)，盡管這里絕對(duì)溫度很高，但晝夜溫差較大，外加盆地中常刮大風(fēng)，即使白天酷熱難當(dāng)，一旦太陽(yáng)下山，夜幕降臨， 氣溫也會(huì)逐漸涼爽下來(lái)。特別是春秋兩季，溫差更加明顯，早 晚和中午，儼然兩個(gè)季節(jié)，“早穿皮襖午穿紗”是吐魯番盆地氣候特點(diǎn)的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。
吐魯番干旱少雨，這里全年中幾乎有10個(gè)月不見(jiàn)雨雪，年平均降水量為16.6毫米，但蒸發(fā)量卻高達(dá)3000毫米。降水的季節(jié)，主要集中在夏季。由于雨量小、雨點(diǎn)粗、降水時(shí)間極短，因此，人們常以“干燥無(wú)雨”來(lái)形容吐魯番盆地的氣候。作為降水量一部分的降雪量在吐魯番盆地更是稀少，市內(nèi)冬季降雪平均不足2毫米。然而博格達(dá)峰的終年積雪卻為盆地提供了無(wú)盡的水源，當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兺ㄟ^(guò)開(kāi)挖坎爾井，將雪山融水通過(guò)地下潛流引向地面，灌溉良田，孕育了生機(jī)盎然的沙漠綠洲。
封閉的盆地，稀薄的云量，強(qiáng)烈的太陽(yáng)輻射，極高的氣溫，形成了豐富的熱量資源。天高云淡的吐魯番盆地，年日照時(shí)數(shù)達(dá)3000小時(shí)以上。豐富的熱量資源，為瓜果、棉花等喜溫作物提供了理想的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。如馳名中外的吐魯番葡萄就有20__多年的種植史，品種多達(dá)300余個(gè)，經(jīng)檢測(cè)，吐魯番葡萄的含糖量高達(dá)22%一26%，超過(guò)含糖量最高的美國(guó)加利福尼亞葡萄(含糖量為20%)，是世界上最甜的葡萄。
游客們，在介紹了吐魯番的地理概況后，我們?cè)賮?lái)回顧一下它的歷史：
吐魯番，古稱高昌、西州、火州，早在20__多年前的西漢時(shí)期，就成了西域地區(qū)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的中心，是古代絲綢之路上的著名重鎮(zhèn)。當(dāng)?shù)剀噹熑怂ǖ能噹熐皣?guó)曾在此稱雄一時(shí)，兩晉時(shí)這里是西域都護(hù)府所在地，建立了“高昌郡”。麴氏高昌王國(guó)滅亡后，唐朝在這里設(shè)置了“西州”。宋代漠北 回鶻人大舉西遷，又建立了高昌王國(guó)。元明兩代改設(shè)“火州”、“和州”。清設(shè)吐魯番直隸廳。民國(guó)2年(公元1913年)設(shè)置吐魯番縣。1985年撤縣設(shè)吐魯番市。
吐魯番還是新疆最早對(duì)外開(kāi)放的地區(qū)之一。自漢唐以來(lái)，對(duì)外交流就十分頻繁，來(lái)往于中原和印度、波斯、地中海沿岸的商人、僧侶、使節(jié)絡(luò)繹不絕，給吐魯番留下了許多美麗的傳說(shuō)。
游客們，來(lái)到吐魯番，仿佛翻閱了一幅厚重的歷史畫(huà)卷。 這里有飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)滄桑的交河故城、高昌故城，還有精美絢麗的柏孜克里克干佛洞壁畫(huà)，以及被譽(yù)為地下博物館的阿斯塔那古墓群，伊斯蘭風(fēng)格古建筑蘇公塔等……它們向人們展示著不同時(shí)代的歷史風(fēng)貌。
歷史給吐魯番留下的不僅僅是遺址，還有悠久的文化，這里的民俗風(fēng)情濃郁多彩，這里的人們熱情奔放，能歌善舞。倘若入夜在吐魯番賓館葡萄架下一邊品嘗瓜果，一邊欣賞“麥西萊甫”晚會(huì)，一定會(huì)使您暑氣盡消，心曠神怡。
游客們，吐魯番的概況就向大家介到這里?；蛟S有的游客要說(shuō)，講了半天，我還沒(méi)有把“吐魯番”三個(gè)字的漢語(yǔ)意思表達(dá)出來(lái)。是的，吐魯番是突厥語(yǔ)，意為“富庶豐饒的地方”，聽(tīng)了名字的翻譯再對(duì)照前面的介紹，您是否也有同樣的感受呢?但愿吐魯番這個(gè)美麗富饒的地方能給您的旅行增加更多的樂(lè)趣。
吐魯番高昌故城講解詞篇四
各位游客：
新疆的吐魯番有兩座中國(guó)現(xiàn)存最完整的古城遺址，1961年被列為首批全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位，分別是高昌故城和河故城，被稱為吐魯番盆地中一對(duì)風(fēng)格不同的“姐妹城”。它們?cè)诮?jīng)歷了幾千年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨后，如今雖然只留下斷壁殘?jiān)?，然而?dāng)年高聳的城墻依然氣勢(shì)恢弘，深陷的護(hù)城河輪廓仍歷歷在目。下面讓我們帶著訪古探勝的心情，先去參觀一下高故城吧：
高昌故城的得名→高昌王國(guó)的歷史
游客們，高昌故城位于吐魯番以東45公里處的火焰山南麓，即木頭溝河的三角洲地段，這座馳名中外的西域古都，曾先后為麴氏高昌王國(guó)和回鶻高昌王國(guó)的都城，歷盡繁華，曾是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門(mén)戶。在前往故城的途中，我先來(lái)介紹一下它的得名和歷史。
高昌故城，維吾爾語(yǔ)中稱為“亦都護(hù)城”，也就是“王城”的意思?！侗笔?高昌傳》中稱它因“地勢(shì)高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。
據(jù)歷史記載，高昌故城始建于公元前1世紀(jì)的西漢。當(dāng)時(shí)稱為“高昌壁”或“高昌壘”，漢、魏、晉歷代都曾在此設(shè)立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元320__年，前涼張駿在此設(shè)置高昌郡，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了西域郡縣制的先河。高昌建國(guó)是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，車師國(guó)滅亡，柔然立闡氏伯周為王，稱其國(guó)為高昌國(guó)，從而掀開(kāi)了高昌王國(guó)的序幕。南北朝時(shí)期，這里諸王爭(zhēng)霸，但國(guó)號(hào)仍為“高昌”。公元620__年，唐貞觀年間，高昌王勾結(jié)西突厥截?cái)嘟z綢之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王國(guó)，將高昌改稱“西州”。公元9世紀(jì)末，由漠北西遷到此的回鶻人建立了回鶻高昌國(guó)，仍臣屬中原王朝，史稱“西州回鶻”或“高昌回鶻”。1220__年，高昌回鶻則順成吉思汗，稱“畏兀兒王國(guó)”。1283年，高昌城毀于戰(zhàn)火，高昌回鶻王國(guó)滅亡，至此，高昌城被廢。 縱觀高昌故城的歷史演變，歷經(jīng)1500多年，其間由盛及衰，演繹了一部西域部族的興亡史。
高昌故城遺址→高昌的對(duì)外交流→高昌文化
游客們，現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)到了高昌故城遺址。只見(jiàn)殘破的城墻全用黃土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形;分外城、內(nèi)城、宮城三部分。布局似唐代的長(zhǎng)安城。外城呈正方形，周長(zhǎng)5.4公里，城墻最高處達(dá)11.5米，城基寬12米。內(nèi)城居于外城正中，周長(zhǎng)3600米，現(xiàn)僅存西墻980米，南墻850米。宮城居于外城城北。請(qǐng)看，前方那數(shù)座高3米至4米的土臺(tái)稱為“可汗堡”，就是原回鵲高昌的宮廷所在地。這里發(fā)掘出的綠色琉璃瓦、紋飾華麗的石柱礎(chǔ)和巨幅的奏樂(lè)圖精美壁畫(huà)，記錄了故都昔日的繁華。據(jù)史書(shū)記載，鼎盛時(shí)期的能城有12個(gè)門(mén)，市內(nèi)房屋鱗次櫛比，有作坊、市場(chǎng)、廟宇和居民區(qū)等建筑，總面積為200萬(wàn)平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，風(fēng)格與交河故城相似，下挖為院，掏洞為室，不用木料，為吐魯番一奇。
漢唐以來(lái)，高昌是連接中原、中亞、歐洲的樞紐，它既是經(jīng)貿(mào)活動(dòng)的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的薈萃地。當(dāng)時(shí)波斯等 地的商人，從他們國(guó)家?guī)?lái)苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、寶石和駿馬來(lái)到高昌城，又從這里帶走中原的絲綢、瓷器、茶葉和造紙、火藥、印刷術(shù)。與此同時(shí)，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)高昌傳入內(nèi)地。當(dāng)時(shí)的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活躍、最發(fā)達(dá)的地方。
高昌王國(guó)鼎盛時(shí)期;還孕育了豐富的高昌文化，成為高昌的珍貴遺產(chǎn)。麴氏高昌王國(guó)十任國(guó)王都是漢人，因此漢文化對(duì)高昌的影響顯而易見(jiàn)。但高昌畢竟屬于雜胡地帶，車師、回鶻、突厥以至后來(lái)的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族雜居，因此當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?huì)數(shù)種語(yǔ)言，語(yǔ)種形態(tài)豐富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服飾也十分講究，并擅長(zhǎng)制作美食。馳名中外的高昌古樂(lè)，更是高昌人的驕傲，它以濃烈的異域風(fēng)情和豐富的藝術(shù)語(yǔ)匯在漢唐時(shí)流行，被列入唐朝十部大樂(lè)之中，成為中西融合的文化瑰寶?？梢赃@樣理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文體底蘊(yùn)，使之成為代表西域歷史的典范和標(biāo)本。
講經(jīng)堂遺址→唐僧玄奘與高昌
游客們，高昌故城廢棄以后，被開(kāi)墾為耕地，大部分地面建筑蕩然無(wú)存，遺址保存較好的除城墻外，還有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就讓我們乘著“驢的”前往參觀。
各位游客，請(qǐng)看這座大佛寺遺址，占地近1萬(wàn)平方米。仔細(xì)觀察，這座佛寺的山門(mén)、講經(jīng)堂、大殿、藏經(jīng)樓、僧舍等建筑布局，仍歷歷在目。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫(huà)上的聯(lián)珠紋圖分析，其建筑年代屬麴氏高昌中期，約為隋代所建。
說(shuō)起這座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘還曾到此講過(guò)經(jīng)。相傳公元620__年(唐貞觀三年)，玄奘29歲時(shí)，為了提高佛學(xué)水平，不畏艱險(xiǎn)，從長(zhǎng)安出發(fā)西行，沿絲綢之路到佛國(guó)印度游學(xué)取經(jīng)，歷時(shí)20__年。由于玄類取經(jīng)起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夾在西域商人中出行，因?yàn)闆](méi)有政府發(fā)給的公文，路上還曾受到緝拿。然而玄類在克服了重重困難以后，不僅從印度取得了佛經(jīng)，而且返回故土，著書(shū)立說(shuō)，糾正了國(guó)內(nèi)僧侶對(duì)佛經(jīng)種.種不正確的解釋，成為最具聲望的一代高僧。
回國(guó)后，玄奘的境遇與出國(guó)前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重視，唐高宗李治在為紀(jì)念母親而建的慈恩寺內(nèi)造了一座大雁塔，專門(mén)用來(lái)供放玄奘帶回來(lái)的歷7部佛經(jīng)。玄奘在西行路上，途經(jīng)伊吾(今哈密)，當(dāng)高昌王麴文泰得知東土大唐不遠(yuǎn)萬(wàn)里來(lái)了一位求法的高僧時(shí)，便派人把玄類請(qǐng)來(lái)，專門(mén)安排在王宮內(nèi)居住，與玄奘結(jié)為兄弟。他還苦口婆心地勸說(shuō)玄奘留在高昌當(dāng)“國(guó)師”，但不能動(dòng)搖玄類西行探求真經(jīng)的堅(jiān)志大愿。高昌王無(wú)奈，只好請(qǐng)玄類講經(jīng)一月后再走。
臨行前，高昌王為玄奘寫(xiě)了24封致西域各國(guó)的通行文書(shū)，還贈(zèng)送了馬匹和25名仆役。出發(fā)那天，全城夾道相送，高昌王鞠義泰抱住大師失聲勵(lì)哭，親自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜別。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事為我們留下了一段舌古佳話，以致吳承恩的神話小說(shuō)《西游記》中就有以火焰山等為場(chǎng)景而衍化出的美麗傳奇。
各位游客，高昌故城的參觀即將結(jié)束了。望著這屢經(jīng)歲月剝蝕的故城，在領(lǐng)略它的古老、蒼茫和凝重之余，您還將作何觀感呢?“曾經(jīng)的輝煌將永遠(yuǎn)讓人銘記”，或許這就是歷史給我們的啟迪吧!
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