在日常學(xué)習(xí)、工作或生活中,大家總少不了接觸作文或者范文吧,通過(guò)文章可以把我們那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一塊。相信許多人會(huì)覺(jué)得范文很難寫?這里我整理了一些優(yōu)秀的范文,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助,下面我們就來(lái)了解一下吧。
復(fù)試英譯漢技巧篇一
一、詞義的選擇和引伸技巧
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都有一詞多類和一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類就是指一個(gè)詞往往屬于幾個(gè)詞類,具有幾個(gè)不同的意義;一詞多義就是同一個(gè)詞在同一詞類中又往往有幾個(gè)不同的詞義。在英譯漢的過(guò)程中,我們?cè)谂逶浣Y(jié)構(gòu)后,就要善于運(yùn)用選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞詞義的技巧,以使所譯語(yǔ)句自然流暢,完全符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的說(shuō)法;選擇確定詞義通??梢詮膬煞矫嬷郑?/p>
1、根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來(lái)選擇和確定詞義
they are as like as two peas.他們相似極了。(形容詞)
he likes mathematics more than physics.他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)甚于喜歡物理。(動(dòng)詞)wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麥、燕麥等等皆系谷類。(名詞)
2、根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系來(lái)選擇和確定詞義。he is the last man to come.他是最后來(lái)的。
he is the last person for such a job.他最不配干這個(gè)工作。
he should be the last man to blame.怎么也不該怪他。
this is the last place where i expected to meet you.我怎么也沒(méi)料到會(huì)在這個(gè)地方見(jiàn)到你。
詞義引伸是我們英譯漢時(shí)常用的技巧之一。翻譯時(shí),有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在英語(yǔ)辭典上找不到適當(dāng)?shù)脑~義,如果任意硬套或逐詞死譯,就會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀,不能確切表達(dá)原意,甚至?xí)斐烧`解。這時(shí)就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系,從該詞的根本含義出發(fā),進(jìn)一步加以引伸,引伸時(shí),往往可以從三個(gè)方面來(lái)加以考慮。
1、詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯。當(dāng)我們遇到一些無(wú)法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系,引伸轉(zhuǎn)譯。
the energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.太陽(yáng)能主要以光和熱的形式傳到地球。
2、詞義具體化。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,把原文中某些詞義較籠統(tǒng)的詞引伸為詞義較具體的詞。
the last stage went higher and took the apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一級(jí)火箭升得更高,把“阿波羅號(hào)”送進(jìn)圍繞地球運(yùn)行的軌道。
3、詞義抽象化。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,把原文中某些詞義較具體的詞引伸為詞義較抽象的詞,或把詞義較形象的詞引伸為詞義較一般的詞。
every life has its roses and thorns.每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。
二、詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧
在英譯漢過(guò)程中,有些句子可以逐詞對(duì)譯,有些句子則由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式不同,就不能逐詞對(duì)譯,只能將詞類進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)譯之后,方可使譯文顯得通順、自然;對(duì)詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧的運(yùn)用須從四個(gè)方面加以注意。
1、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。英語(yǔ)中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞,翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞。the lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物沒(méi)有專門的排泄系統(tǒng),可用同樣的方式加以說(shuō)明。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)as he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去時(shí),忘記了穿鞋子。
2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。英語(yǔ)中的某些動(dòng)詞、形容詞,翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)中的名詞。the earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我們居住的地球,形狀象一個(gè)大球。(動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)the doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.醫(yī)生盡了最大的努力來(lái)治療病號(hào)和傷員。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換)
3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。英語(yǔ)中有些作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的抽象名詞,以及某些形容詞派生的名詞,往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的形容詞。另外,當(dāng)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞時(shí),原來(lái)修飾該動(dòng)詞的副詞也往往隨之轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的形容詞。
it is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷達(dá)探測(cè)水下目標(biāo)是沒(méi)有用的。(作表語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)
the sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太陽(yáng)對(duì)人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。(副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)
4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞。英語(yǔ)中的某些名詞、形容詞,翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的副詞。
when he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有 可能反對(duì)他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這些人爭(zhēng)取過(guò)來(lái)。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)
三、漢譯的增詞技巧
英譯漢時(shí),按意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要加一些詞,使譯文更加忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容;但是,增加的并不是無(wú)中生有,而是要增加原文中雖無(wú)其詞卻有其意的一些詞,這是英譯漢中常用的 的技巧之一。增詞技巧一般分作兩種情況。
1、根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要,可增加下列七類詞。flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鮮花滿院盛開。(增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞)
after the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly.在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂(lè)會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后,他疲倦地回到了家里。(增加動(dòng)詞)he sank down with his face in his hands.他兩手蒙著臉,一屁股坐了下去。(增加副詞)i had known two great social systems.那是以前,他就經(jīng)歷過(guò)兩大社會(huì)制度。(增加表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)的詞)
as for me ,i didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢,從一開始就不贊成。(增加語(yǔ)氣助詞)the article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets.本文總結(jié)了電子計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭這三方面的新成就。(增加概括詞)
2、根據(jù)句法上的需要增補(bǔ)一此詞匯。
reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫作使人準(zhǔn)確.(增補(bǔ)原文句子中所省略的動(dòng)詞)all bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物質(zhì)都肯有重量。(增補(bǔ)被動(dòng)句中泛指性的詞)
四、正反、反正漢譯技巧
正反、反正漢譯技巧是指翻譯時(shí)突破原文的形式,采用變換語(yǔ)氣的辦法處理詞句,把肯定的譯成否定的,把否定的譯成肯定的。運(yùn)用這種技巧可以使譯文更加合乎漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范或修辭要求,且不失原意。這種技巧可分五個(gè)方面加以陳述。
1、肯定譯否定
the above facts insist on the following conclusions.上述事實(shí)使人們不能不得出以下結(jié)論。
2、否定譯肯定
she won’t go away until you promise to help her.她要等你答應(yīng)幫助以后才肯走。
3、雙否定譯肯定
there can be no sunshine without shadow 有陽(yáng)光就有陰影。
但是,如果翻譯時(shí)保留英語(yǔ)原來(lái)的“否定之否定”的形式并不影響中文的流暢時(shí),則應(yīng)保留的目的還可突出原文中婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣。如he is not unequal to the duty.他并非不稱職。
4、正反移位
i don’t think he will come.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)了。
5、譯為部分否定
not all minerals come from mines.并非所有礦物都來(lái)自礦山。
both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是兩種物質(zhì)都溶于水。
五、漢譯的重復(fù)技巧
重復(fù)技巧是英譯漢中的一種必不可少的翻譯技巧。由于英譯漢時(shí)往往需要重復(fù)原文中的某些詞才能使譯文表達(dá)明確具體;又由于英漢語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)不同,重復(fù)的手段和作用也往往不盡相同,大致可分為三種。
1、為了明確
i had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到過(guò),不是氧氣設(shè)備了故障,就是引擎出故障,或兩者都出故障(重復(fù)名詞)under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at c and steam at 100c.在常壓下,水在攝氏零度時(shí)變成冰,在攝氏一百度時(shí)變成蒸汽。(重復(fù)動(dòng)詞)a locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.一個(gè)地方有一個(gè)地方的全局,一個(gè)國(guó)家有一個(gè)國(guó)家的全局,一個(gè)地球有一個(gè)地球的全局(重復(fù)謂語(yǔ)部分)
2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)
he wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.他在街頭游來(lái)蕩去,想了又想,盤算了又盤算。
3、為了生動(dòng)
while stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of are really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起來(lái)只是斑點(diǎn)點(diǎn),或者是小片的光,但它們確實(shí)是巨大的天體。
六、倒譯技巧
英漢詞句組成和排列的順序千差萬(wàn)別,因此英譯漢時(shí)作些調(diào)整,顛倒一下順序,則是一種極為常見(jiàn)的翻譯技巧,這種翻譯技巧共分五種類型。
1、復(fù)合句倒譯技巧。復(fù)合句倒譯可分為部分倒譯和完全倒譯兩種技巧。
this university 6 newly _established faculties ,onic computer ,high energy physics ,laser ,geo-physics ,remote sensing, and genetic engineering.這所大學(xué)現(xiàn)在有電子計(jì)算機(jī)、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遙感技術(shù)、遺傳工程等六個(gè)新建的專業(yè)。(部分倒譯)
many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.雖然許多自然規(guī)律還沒(méi)被發(fā)現(xiàn),但是它們確實(shí)在自然界中存在。(完全倒譯)
2、被動(dòng)句倒譯的技巧。被動(dòng)句倒譯時(shí),有時(shí)可將被動(dòng)句倒譯成主動(dòng)句,有時(shí)可將狀語(yǔ)倒譯成主語(yǔ)。
the structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.雖然我們看不見(jiàn)原子結(jié)構(gòu),但能準(zhǔn)確地描述它。(被動(dòng)句倒譯成主動(dòng)句)table tennis is played all over china.中國(guó)到處都打乒乓球。(狀語(yǔ)倒譯成主語(yǔ))
3、以否定型副詞或條件副詞開頭的句子的部分倒譯技巧。能引起這種倒譯的副詞有no ,never ,hardly ,no no way ,not until ,not even ,only 等。
never before have i read such an interesting book.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有讀過(guò)這樣有趣的書。
4、帶有介詞短語(yǔ)句子的部分倒譯技巧
these date will be of some value in our research work.這些資料對(duì)于我們的研究工作有些價(jià)值。
5、習(xí)語(yǔ)的倒譯技巧。習(xí)語(yǔ)的倒譯可分為按照漢語(yǔ)的固定順序倒譯和從輕重上加以區(qū)分進(jìn)行倒譯以及逆時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行倒譯三種技巧。
for its last 600 miles the yellow river flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,north china plain ,which is densely populated.黃河最后的六百英里,向東流過(guò)平坦肥沃、人口密集的華北平原。(按照漢語(yǔ)的固定順序倒譯)
heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.救死扶傷,實(shí)行革命的人道主義。(以輕重上區(qū)分進(jìn)行倒譯)
we have to be quick of eye and deft of hand.我們必須眼疾手快。(逆時(shí)間順序倒譯)
七、句子成份的轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言,由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同,在具體英譯漢時(shí),有時(shí)往往需要轉(zhuǎn)換一下句子成分,才能使譯達(dá)到邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點(diǎn)突出等目的。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯作為翻譯的一種技巧,其內(nèi)容和形式都比較豐富,運(yùn)用范圍也相當(dāng)廣泛,共包括五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。
1、主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧,可以將句子的主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。the wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.機(jī)翼的用途是使飛機(jī)在空中保持不墜。(轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ))
to get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.為了使火箭各級(jí)全部離開地面,需要有一個(gè)巨大的第一次推力。(轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ))machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.因?yàn)闄C(jī)械的緣故,工廠里出的產(chǎn)品比起以前來(lái),價(jià)格便宜多了。(轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ))
2、謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。可以將謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)。
radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.雷達(dá)的工作原理和手電筒極為相同。
3、賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。可以將賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)。
automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.各種自動(dòng)車床的作用基本相同,但形式不同
4、定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。定語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的質(zhì)量略大于質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量。(轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ))
scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.現(xiàn)在已給該縣科學(xué)家提供了必要的圖書、儀器和助手,以保證科研工作的成功。(轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ))
5、狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯一般指的是狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)譯。它可分作把時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句,把地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句和把原因狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成困果偏正復(fù)句中的主語(yǔ)等三種形式。
these three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white.紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色如果合在一起就變成白色。(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句)
where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上沒(méi)有東西,就什么也看不到。(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句)because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.他深信這件事正確可靠,因此堅(jiān)持已見(jiàn)。(原因狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成因果偏正復(fù)合句中的主句)
八、分句、合句漢譯技巧
英譯漢時(shí),由于兩種語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)大不相同而往往需要改變一下句子結(jié)構(gòu)以適應(yīng)于漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。采用分句、合句進(jìn)行翻譯的作法正是為了達(dá)到這種目的而運(yùn)用的一種重要技巧。所謂分句,就是指把原文的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子;所謂合名,就是指把原文的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句或一個(gè)復(fù)合句譯成一個(gè)單句。運(yùn)用這種分句、合句的漢譯技巧可以使譯文層次分明,更合乎于漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。分句流譯的技巧共分五種類型,合句漢譯的技巧共分三種類型。先談?wù)劮志錆h譯技巧的五種類型。
1、主語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧。
a man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一個(gè)人如果在月亮上度過(guò)了十二天,回到地球以后就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一年已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。
2、謂語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧。
it goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧氣是大氣中最活潑的元素。
3、定語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧
he managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然種出了二百個(gè)奇跡般的西紅柿,每個(gè)重達(dá)兩磅。
4、狀語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧 sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.陽(yáng)光射入了它所能透過(guò)的地方,趕走了黑暗,驅(qū)散了幽影。
5、同位語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧。
mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.瑪麗平常是個(gè)靦腆的姑娘,現(xiàn)在也熱烈地和他們辯論起來(lái)。
一、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面:(1)修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2)并列成分多;(3)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3)分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4)分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5)注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:
orists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child;where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli;在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)為: 行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。
a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考題)
分析:(1)該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。
(2)該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3)句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home.綜合上述翻譯方法,這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為:
譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、長(zhǎng)句的翻譯
英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1)順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:
when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考題)
分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: a.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí);b.電仍在為我們工作;c.幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱;d.加熱水;e.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句翻譯成:
即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考題)
分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is realized that…”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: a.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到;b.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的;c.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;d.將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就翻譯為:
可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō), 經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。
下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique inspaniduals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。
method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”
begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后, 這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái), 我們開始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性, 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好, 最終以我們對(duì)人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對(duì)死去的, 無(wú)論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。
parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng), 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志, 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。
(2)逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開始翻譯。例如:
um remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: a.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);b.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;c.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;e.鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:
鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成, “……變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: a.……變的越來(lái)越重要;b.如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì);c.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:
因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人, 正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。
is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。
s would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如:
number of the young people in the united states who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:
沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。
這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:
大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。
sion, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考題)
分析: 在此長(zhǎng)句中, 有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, 這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在翻譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為:
人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。
下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:
they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考題)
他們所必須做的只是按一下開關(guān)。開關(guān)一開, 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下。
gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。
(4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。例如:
were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: a: 人們不敢出門;b: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;c: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無(wú)能為力。在這三層含義中, b表示讓步, c表示原因, 而a則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:
盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門, 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o(wú)能為力。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子:
scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書籍, 特別是教科書來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話, 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。
his cue from ibsen's a doll's house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。
to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。
英譯漢是運(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)把英語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的思想準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。而英譯漢的過(guò)程則是 正確理解英語(yǔ)原文和創(chuàng)造性地用漢語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)原文的過(guò)程, 在英譯漢的過(guò)程中, 有兩點(diǎn)值得我們特別地注 意:
(1)漢語(yǔ)所要表達(dá)的是英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容, 即句子或文章的意義, 而不是句子結(jié)構(gòu);
(2)在翻譯過(guò)程中, 英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容要準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái),而不是將兩種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)換。
因此,在做英譯 漢的題目時(shí), 漢語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意義應(yīng)與原文保持一致, 而漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)只是為這一表達(dá)服務(wù), 而不應(yīng)拘泥 于原文。另外, 應(yīng)付英譯漢考試和一般的從事翻譯創(chuàng)作不同, 因?yàn)楦髯杂胁煌暮饬繕?biāo)準(zhǔn), 翻譯創(chuàng)作的標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)為“信、達(dá)、雅”, 而英譯漢考試則只要做到“忠實(shí)、通順”即可。要做到忠實(shí)原文,就應(yīng)該掌握好適 度原則, 即要把原文的內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確完整地表達(dá)出來(lái), 既不能改變和歪曲, 也不能增加或刪減。例如, he is seriously ill.這本來(lái)是一個(gè)極為簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 可將其翻譯為“他病得歷害”或“他病得很重 ”, 但有人為了追求譯文所謂的“漂亮”, 把它譯成“他茍延殘喘”, 這就給譯文增加了 一定的感情色彩, 違背了忠實(shí)的原則, 反而得不償失。要做到通順, 就必須把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成合乎漢語(yǔ)規(guī) 范的漢語(yǔ), 譯文必須是明白通暢的現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ), 即不能逐字逐詞的死譯, 也不能生吞活剝。例如, his addi tion completed the list.有人將該句翻譯成“他的加入結(jié)束了名單”或“他的加入完成了名單 ”, 這樣的翻譯盡管可以使讀者能勉強(qiáng)看懂, 但總使人有別扭之感, 根本不象是地道的漢語(yǔ), 根本 就不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 關(guān)于上句, 我們不妨把它翻譯為“把他添上, 名單(上的人)就全了”, 這樣采取靈活的方法, 沒(méi)有生硬地套用原文的結(jié)構(gòu), 就使得譯文合乎漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣, 使人容易看懂, 讀起 來(lái)也順口多了。英譯漢的過(guò)程包括理解, 分析句架表達(dá)和校核三個(gè)階段, 理解是表達(dá)的前提, 若不能正確地理解原文就談不上確切的表達(dá), 但理解與表達(dá)通常是互相聯(lián)系, 往返反復(fù)的過(guò)程, 在進(jìn)行漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的時(shí)候, 又可以進(jìn)一步加深對(duì)原文的理解, 因此, 在英譯漢的過(guò)程中, 往往需要考生從英語(yǔ)到漢語(yǔ), 再?gòu)臐h語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)反復(fù)的推敲。
一、理 解
理解階段的目的在于讀懂英語(yǔ)原文, 弄清原文的意思。為了透徹理解原文, 建議考生在復(fù)習(xí)和應(yīng)試時(shí)采取下列步驟:
(1)通讀全文。通讀全文的目的在于從整體上把握整篇文章的內(nèi)容,理解劃線的部分與文章其他部分之間的語(yǔ)法與邏輯關(guān)系。在段落中要搞清劃線的句子和其他句子之間的關(guān)系, 特別要弄清代詞it, they, them, this, that, these, those other所指代的詞或詞組。這些詞和詞組有時(shí)在劃線的部分就能找到,有時(shí)則要到前面有關(guān)的句子中去找,這樣的例子在今年的試題中是很多的。如: 92年的英譯漢考題第一小題的英文為: there is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.在該句子中有the term一詞, 那么它指代的是什么呢? 只有通過(guò)閱讀上下文才能搞清楚, 而有的考生只是單純地把它翻譯為“這一術(shù)語(yǔ)”, 但是,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案中, 該詞被翻譯成“智力”, 因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)上下文我們很容易地看出它指的是“智力”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)。再比如在93年的考題中的英譯漢部分的第二題的句子為“it is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.” 在這個(gè)句子中,the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latter等的含義都是在把握全文的基礎(chǔ)之上才能掌握的,也只有這樣我們才能做出正確的翻譯。目前市場(chǎng)上的一些復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)書主張考生不用通讀全文,我們認(rèn)為這是很不可取的,因?yàn)楣铝⒌亻喿x劃線部分的英語(yǔ),往往無(wú)法理解該部分的真正含義。一篇好的文章, 其前后的意思都互相關(guān)聯(lián), 具有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性, 一個(gè)單詞或句子只有在具體的上下文中才能體現(xiàn)出確切的含義來(lái), 這就是為什么我們有時(shí)看完一本書或一篇文章之后才對(duì)上文中的某個(gè)難以理解的地方“恍然大悟”。因此,上下文能幫助我們正確的理解劃線的部分, 通讀全文是很重要的。但是, 在通讀全文的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該注意,對(duì)非劃線的部分不要花費(fèi)時(shí)間過(guò)多,對(duì)于其中一些不太容易理解的內(nèi)容也不必太在意,只是搞清大體意義即可。因?yàn)橥ㄗx全文的目的在于幫助自己理解劃線的部分, 只要能把該部分理解透徹也就足夠了。
(2)分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者往往具有非常好的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí),在做翻譯試題時(shí)也應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮和利用這一優(yōu)勢(shì)。從近年來(lái)的研究生入學(xué)試題來(lái)看,劃線的部分一般來(lái)說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)句子都比較復(fù)雜。例如, 1994年的第二小題, “in short, a leader of the new school contends, ”the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.像這樣復(fù)雜的句子如果不搞清楚它的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu), 很難達(dá)到正確完整地理解原文的要求。在分析劃線的部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),我們要注意首先把句子的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)找出來(lái),這樣句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)也就清楚了,在分析句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)還應(yīng)該注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方,主句和從句之間的關(guān)系是否明確等等,在此我們?cè)俅翁嵝芽忌⒁?,正確地把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是進(jìn)行正確地翻譯的關(guān)鍵,如果連句子結(jié)構(gòu)還沒(méi)有搞清楚,就匆忙地動(dòng)筆翻譯,肯定是不會(huì)有好的結(jié)果的,在往屆的考生中,這樣的教訓(xùn)屢見(jiàn)不鮮。下面我們以1996年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題的第72題來(lái)說(shuō)明句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析方法:
this trend began during the second world war, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為this trend began during the second world war, when…, when是一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞,在這個(gè)句子中引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾前面的名詞the second world war。而在when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,主句是several governments came to the conclusion …, that引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,做conclusion的同位語(yǔ)。在這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中,主句是the specific demands… cannot generally be foreseen…, that是關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾前面的名詞demands。這樣通過(guò)我們進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析,在搞清楚句子的具體結(jié)構(gòu)之后,在動(dòng)筆翻譯也就簡(jiǎn)單多了。也只有劃清句架結(jié)構(gòu),我們才能知道如何翻譯。例如上句中如果我們把when作為狀語(yǔ)從句,譯成“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”就要被扣掉0??5分。如果把demand當(dāng)成動(dòng)詞,也要扣0??5分。
(3)理解分析劃線部分的含義??忌粌H要弄清句子中所有實(shí)詞和虛詞的詞匯意義, 還要理解全句的整體意義。理解句子的依據(jù)除了句子本身之外, 還有該句子所處的具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。在此階段應(yīng)清楚下列問(wèn)題: a.句子中是否 含有代詞和其他具有指代意義的詞, 如果有, 應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文確定它們指代的內(nèi)容是什么;b.句子中的短語(yǔ)和一些常 用的詞往往具有多種含義和用法, 那么, 在該句中它們的具體含義是什么;c.按照你的理解, 該部分的意義是否與 全篇文章的內(nèi)容一致, 有無(wú)相互矛盾??傊? 在動(dòng)手翻譯之前, 首先要讀懂原文, 不要一上來(lái)就急于動(dòng)手翻譯, 這 樣做往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種情況: 該題快要翻譯完了, 猛然又發(fā)現(xiàn)自己理解有誤,馬上就急忙修改, 搞的卷面上一塌糊涂, 而且很容易忙中出錯(cuò), 把本應(yīng)拿到的分?jǐn)?shù)丟掉了, 這是非常令人可惜的。例如,某年的英譯漢試題中有這樣一句要 求翻譯的句子: the capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing.一位考生把它翻譯成“使用原料的能力取決于各種各樣 的因素, 例如,接近的方法, 提取的方法和加工技術(shù)?!?很顯然, 這為考生并未完全理解這句話的意思, 原文列出 的三個(gè)因素, 是指獲得某種原材料的三個(gè)過(guò)程, 即探礦、開采和冶煉, 因此, ”means of access”, “methods of extraction” 和“techniques of processing” 應(yīng)該分別譯為“鉆探手段”、“開采方法”和“冶煉技術(shù)”, 那么, 整個(gè)句子就可翻譯為“利用一種原材料能力的大小取決于各種各樣的因素, 比如,鉆探手段、開采方法和 冶煉技術(shù)?!?/p>
二、表 達(dá)
表達(dá)就是譯者把自己從英語(yǔ)原文理解的內(nèi)容用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái), 表達(dá)的好壞取決與譯者對(duì)于英語(yǔ)原文的理解程度以及漢語(yǔ)的修養(yǎng)水平。理解是表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ),表達(dá)是理解的結(jié)果,但是理解正確并不意味著一定會(huì)有正確的表達(dá),許多考生反映,有時(shí)對(duì)原文理解之后還不知如何用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá),就充分說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn),因?yàn)樵诒磉_(dá)上還存在許多具體的方法和技巧。關(guān)于這些方法和技巧我們將在后面詳細(xì)論述, 在此我們只是介紹兩中基本的翻譯方法: 直譯和意譯。
(1)直譯。所謂直譯, 就是在譯文語(yǔ)言條件許可時(shí), 在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又保持原文的形式。在漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言中存在著許多共同之處,在對(duì)于許多英語(yǔ)句子的翻譯過(guò)程中, 完全可以采取直譯的方法, 這樣可以獲得一舉兩得之功效, 既保持了原文的結(jié)構(gòu), 又正確表達(dá)了原文的內(nèi)容。但是直譯不是死譯和硬譯,象“it is asserted that …;it is believed that …”這一類的結(jié)構(gòu), 如果直譯過(guò)來(lái)那就不倫不類了。
(2)意譯。漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)分別屬于不同的語(yǔ)系, 兩者在詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方法上具有很多的差異。當(dāng)原文的思想內(nèi)容與譯文的表達(dá)形式有矛盾不易采用直譯的方法處理時(shí), 就應(yīng)采用意譯法, 意譯就是不拘泥于原文的形式, 重點(diǎn)在于正確表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。例如:“do you see any green in my eye?” 象這樣的句子, 只能采取意譯的方法, 把它翻譯為“你以為我是好欺騙的嗎?” 當(dāng)然, 意譯并不等于亂譯,胡亂地翻譯是不符合“忠實(shí)”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。
在具體的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們應(yīng)該采取靈活的方法, 不論是直譯還是意譯, 只要是符合“忠實(shí)、通順”的翻譯原則, 都是可取的。在這里我們建議考生對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的句子可以先采取直譯的方法,然后再對(duì)直譯得出得結(jié)果進(jìn)行加工潤(rùn)色,在保持原來(lái)句子意義的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,用既符合原文的意義又符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的句子表達(dá)出來(lái)。例如,我們?cè)谏厦娣治龅?996年考題中的第72題我們可以首先直譯為:
這種趨勢(shì)開始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn),當(dāng)時(shí)一些政府得出這樣的結(jié)論,政府希望對(duì)科研部門所提出的特定的要求,總的來(lái)說(shuō)還不能非常具體的預(yù)見(jiàn)到。
然后,我們對(duì)上述譯文進(jìn)行加工潤(rùn)色,就可以得出下面的結(jié)果:
這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn),當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論,政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)的。
在翻譯的過(guò)程中, 我們務(wù)必注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)理解透徹之后再動(dòng)手表達(dá), 否則表達(dá)的結(jié)果會(huì)令人莫名其妙;
(2)切忌在翻譯時(shí)把漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)對(duì)號(hào)入座, 逐字逐句的對(duì)號(hào)入座的結(jié)果往往是不倫不類;
(3)切忌擅自增減詞意, 增減意義與翻譯技巧中經(jīng)常提到的增詞法與減詞法根本就不是一回事。
三、校 核
校核階段是理解與表達(dá)的進(jìn)一步深化, 是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步核實(shí)以及對(duì)譯文語(yǔ)言進(jìn)一步推敲的階段, 因此, 校核是翻譯過(guò)程中一個(gè)很重要的階段, 并不是可有可無(wú)的, 通過(guò)表達(dá)之后的校核, 我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些問(wèn)題, 確保自己理解的內(nèi)容很有把握地得到分?jǐn)?shù)。在校核階段, 一般應(yīng)注意與下列各項(xiàng)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題:
(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和數(shù)字等;
(2)漢語(yǔ)譯文的詞與句有無(wú)錯(cuò)漏;(3)修改譯文中譯錯(cuò)或表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確的句子、詞組或詞匯;
(4)有無(wú)錯(cuò)別字;
(5)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否有誤。
復(fù)試英譯漢技巧篇二
考博英譯漢技巧總結(jié)
1.英漢語(yǔ)言的異同
1.1.英語(yǔ)是形合:需要使用連詞或者關(guān)聯(lián)詞表示各部分的邏輯關(guān)系;漢語(yǔ)是意合:句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系“隱含”于上下文之間。如果漢語(yǔ)使用形合句,則顯得語(yǔ)氣莊重、措辭嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
1.2.語(yǔ)序方面,主謂賓的位置比較相似。然而狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)的位置有差異。狀語(yǔ):英語(yǔ)可以放在主句前或后,漢語(yǔ)一般放在主句前。狀語(yǔ)順序方面,英語(yǔ):方式狀語(yǔ)+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);漢語(yǔ):時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)+方式狀語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ):漢語(yǔ)大部分在修飾詞的前面,英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)可以在修飾詞的前(形容詞)或者后(定語(yǔ)從句)。英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句、松散句(中心在句首),漢語(yǔ)多短句、圓周句(中心在句尾)。
1.3.英語(yǔ)中多使用名詞,漢語(yǔ)中多使用動(dòng)詞。因此,英語(yǔ)中的名詞需要譯成動(dòng)詞。
2.詞語(yǔ)翻譯的五大原則
2.1.轉(zhuǎn)換原則:將具有動(dòng)詞意味的名(形、介、副)詞譯成動(dòng)詞。
2.2.具體原則:把原文中抽象或者比較抽象的詞用較為具體的詞進(jìn)行翻譯。2.3.加法原則:增補(bǔ)英語(yǔ)原句中省略的動(dòng)詞或其他省略部分。
2.4.減法原則:英語(yǔ)中的部分不需要翻譯【冠詞;充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的人稱代詞、作賓語(yǔ)的代詞和物主代詞;連詞(并列連詞、復(fù)合句中的連詞);介詞(表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)的英語(yǔ)介詞在句首可省略,句尾不能省略)】。
2.5.重復(fù)原則:對(duì)上下文出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞加以重復(fù)的譯法。漢語(yǔ)多重復(fù),英語(yǔ)多變化。一是重復(fù)省略的名詞、動(dòng)詞、代詞。二是重復(fù)賓語(yǔ)。為了明確,英語(yǔ)的一句話中兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞共用一個(gè)賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)在第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞之后出現(xiàn)一次。而漢語(yǔ),這樣的賓語(yǔ)要在每個(gè)動(dòng)詞后分別出現(xiàn)。三是重復(fù)名詞。兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)共同修飾一個(gè)名詞;被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞。
3.名詞從句的翻譯技巧 3.1.主語(yǔ)從句。
主語(yǔ)從句如果以what, whatever等代詞引導(dǎo),翻譯時(shí)一般按照原文的順序進(jìn)行翻譯。如果是以it引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,翻譯時(shí)要把主句的謂語(yǔ)分譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立句,然后再譯從句【謂語(yǔ)分譯法】。
it goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧是大氣中最活潑的元素。3.2.賓語(yǔ)從句。
由that, what, how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,漢譯時(shí)一般按照原文的語(yǔ)序進(jìn)行翻譯。有時(shí)可以加“說(shuō)”字,接著譯原文賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容。he replied that he was sorry.他回答說(shuō),他感到抱歉。
由it作形式賓語(yǔ)的句子,漢譯時(shí)一般按照原文的順序譯,只是it不譯。i made it clear to them that they should have got these holes dug long ago.我和他們說(shuō)清楚了,他們本來(lái)早該把坑挖好了。有時(shí)需將that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句提前。i owe it to you that i have got the post.我得到這個(gè)職位全靠你。3.3.表語(yǔ)從句:可按照原文順序進(jìn)行翻譯。3.4.同位語(yǔ)從句。
同位語(yǔ)從句漢譯時(shí)可以按原文順序翻譯,也可以將同位語(yǔ)從句提前,這要視具體情況而定。有時(shí)還可以增加“即”、“這樣”或者破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)。
4.定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯技巧
英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,絕大部分后置。漢語(yǔ)中所有定語(yǔ)均前置。漢語(yǔ)不用長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)。如果英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句太長(zhǎng),不宜譯成漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。如果英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句短,一般譯成漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。4.1.譯成定語(yǔ)。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句比較短,譯成漢語(yǔ)也不冗長(zhǎng),該從句可以譯成漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)。即“??的”句式。4.2.重復(fù)先行詞譯出。如果英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句在意思上同先行詞的關(guān)系不太密切,而且整個(gè)從句用作補(bǔ)充或說(shuō)明先行詞的附加語(yǔ),或者定語(yǔ)從句套定語(yǔ)從句,可采用重復(fù)先行詞的譯法:按原次序譯出,用名詞或代詞(這、那、其)等代替先行詞。當(dāng)從句中的which和as代表整個(gè)主句時(shí),一般都譯成并列句,主語(yǔ)用代詞(這、那)等代替。
mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.機(jī)械能能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能,電能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能。(重復(fù)名詞)
galileo was a famous italian scientist by whom the copernican theory was further proved correct.伽利略是著名的意大利科學(xué)家,他進(jìn)一步證明了哥白尼的學(xué)說(shuō)是正確的。(用代詞,漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng))
liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporating.液態(tài)水變成蒸汽,這就叫蒸發(fā)。(which 代整個(gè)句子,用代詞代替)
4.3.譯成狀語(yǔ)從句。英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句,如果在意思上具有主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、條件等含義,可譯成漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句。同樣可以用名詞或代詞重復(fù)或代替先行詞譯出。
einstein, who worked out the famous theory of relativity, won the nobel prize in 1921.由于愛(ài)因斯坦提出了著名的相對(duì)論,因此,他于1921年獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。
electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace human.雖然電子計(jì)算機(jī)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但它不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作,也代替不了人。省譯關(guān)聯(lián)詞。英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句,如果在意義上作為先行詞的陳述部分用來(lái)進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,這時(shí)可采用省譯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的方法,按照原句次序譯出。there are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.有許多麻醉品會(huì)對(duì)身心造成傷害。
5.狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯技巧
英語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)從句包括表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、讓步、原因等各種從句。漢譯時(shí)要注意兩種語(yǔ)言使用狀語(yǔ)方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。一般考慮將狀語(yǔ)從句或者狀語(yǔ)部分先譯,放在主句之前。5.1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
譯成相應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。譯成并列分句。
was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.史密斯先生自己還不知道犯了什么罪,人家就把他逮捕了。英語(yǔ)中存在著內(nèi)容和形式不相一致的情況。有些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)候可以按其邏輯關(guān)系譯成表示原因、條件、讓步等的分句。
the defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness.由于發(fā)現(xiàn)了一名新的重要證人,辯護(hù)律師決定申請(qǐng)重新開庭審訊。5.2.條件狀語(yǔ)從句
譯成表示“條件”或者“假設(shè)”的分句。譯成補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明情況的分句。
按其邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)譯為表示時(shí)間、讓步、結(jié)果、原因等從句。5.3.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
譯成表示讓步的分句。
譯成表示“無(wú)條件”的條件分句。5.4.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
譯成相應(yīng)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
按其邏輯關(guān)系,譯成表示“條件”的狀語(yǔ)。5.5.原因狀語(yǔ)從句
譯成表示“原因”的分句。譯成因果偏正復(fù)句中的主句。譯成因果關(guān)系內(nèi)含的并列分句。
6.反譯法
漢語(yǔ)中表示否定意義的詞都含有明顯的標(biāo)志詞:不、無(wú)、非、勿、未、否、別、沒(méi)有等。英語(yǔ)更加復(fù)雜。除了否定詞外,還有否定詞綴,如:dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-,-less等、形式肯定、意義否定的各類詞語(yǔ),如:fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond.短語(yǔ):instead of, in place of、結(jié)構(gòu) more...than...., other than......, rather than.....由于語(yǔ)言的差異,有時(shí)候英語(yǔ)用否定,漢語(yǔ)用肯定。反之亦然。wet paint.油漆未干。
反義法:將原文的肯定形式譯為否定形式,或者相反。包括兩個(gè)方向的互相轉(zhuǎn)變。6.1.正話反說(shuō)
americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.美國(guó)人的階級(jí)意識(shí)遠(yuǎn)不如種族意識(shí)那么強(qiáng)烈。6.2.反話正說(shuō)
the thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.在苦難中,重返故國(guó)的念頭始終在他心頭縈繞著。
復(fù)試英譯漢技巧篇三
american economic system zed around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[參考譯文]美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的,在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中,消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過(guò)在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來(lái)決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來(lái)。
, in the american economic system it is the demand of inspanidual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of inspaniduals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[參考譯文]因此,在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中,個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤(rùn)的欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合,一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造,以及資源如何被用來(lái)制造它們。
, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[參考譯文]另一方面,如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降,那么這 1 就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給,而這也就會(huì)反過(guò)來(lái)降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品。
the american economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private inspanidual.[參考譯文]在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對(duì)生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán),也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利,如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。
the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.[參考譯文]同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是最忙的,哪些員工工作效率最高,這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。
us other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.[參考譯文]不計(jì)其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè),從劇院到雜志出版商,從公用燃 氣電力設(shè)施到牛奶處理廠,都通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)的使用給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。
ional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age for these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.[參考譯文]殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能,他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。 great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.[參考譯文]在過(guò)去的30年中,公共教育中顯示的對(duì)殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會(huì)中的一種中強(qiáng)烈的情緒,那就是所有的公民,不管其情況有多特殊,都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會(huì)。
serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.[參考譯文]它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷出去,因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng),同時(shí)也使以具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。 from the fact that twenty-seven acts of parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.[參考譯文]除去議會(huì)有27件法案來(lái)規(guī)范廣告的條件,沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。
its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.[參考譯文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言,如果這不是完全不可能達(dá)到的,也是非常難做的,因?yàn)榧幢闶且粋€(gè)諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細(xì)節(jié)都會(huì)具有微妙的說(shuō)服意味,那么廣告就會(huì)如此地乏味以至于沒(méi)有人會(huì)關(guān)注它。
workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.[參考譯文]得到了升遷的工人們,成績(jī)進(jìn)步的學(xué)生,學(xué)會(huì)了一門新語(yǔ)言的外國(guó)人一一這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。 families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.[參考譯文]隨著家庭離開他們?cè)瓉?lái)穩(wěn)定的社區(qū),離開他們多年的朋友和擴(kuò)展的家庭關(guān)系,非正式的信息流動(dòng)被切斷了,隨之而去的是對(duì)在需要時(shí)能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。
inspanidual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.[參考譯文]現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人能夠得到的信息比任何時(shí)代的人都多,而找到與他/她的特定問(wèn)題相關(guān)的那一點(diǎn)信息的任務(wù)不僅復(fù)雜、耗時(shí),有時(shí)甚至令人難以招架。
ise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.[參考譯文]通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)程會(huì)議,專家知識(shí)可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享,而爭(zhēng) 5 論的問(wèn)題能夠得到解決,同時(shí)相關(guān)人員也不必離開他們的家庭或工作跑到一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的開會(huì)地點(diǎn)。(北京安 通學(xué)校提供)
current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive a-types seem in some way better than their b type fellows.[參考譯文]現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu),在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的a類好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們b類的同輩更勝一籌。
talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.[參考譯文]在跟你談話的時(shí)候,可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的“商品”和能力一定要以一種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來(lái)。
corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in britain.[參考譯文]英國(guó)廣播公司將作為一個(gè)公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下 來(lái),至少目前會(huì)這樣,但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國(guó)成了全國(guó)上下的討論話題。
debate was launched by the government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the bbc--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.[參考譯文]這場(chǎng)辯論是由政府發(fā)動(dòng)的,政府請(qǐng)任何一個(gè)對(duì)英國(guó)廣播公司有意見(jiàn)的人一包括普通的聽(tīng)眾和觀眾一來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)這個(gè)公司好在哪里或壞在哪里,甚至要說(shuō)說(shuō)他們是否認(rèn)為這個(gè)公司值得被保留下來(lái)。
change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.[參考譯文]這種變化通過(guò)引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求,并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時(shí)候,經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些家族公司的財(cái)富。
large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.[參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性,這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素,這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任,而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無(wú)關(guān)系。
like bournemouth and east bourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing spanidends and occasionally attending a shareholders? meeting to dictate their orders to the management.[參考譯文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的“舒適”階級(jí)提供居住場(chǎng)所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作,他們除了分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會(huì),向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外,跟社會(huì)的其他階層毫無(wú)瓜葛。
“shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.[參考譯文]這樣的“股東”對(duì)他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無(wú)所知,而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。 paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.[參考譯文]代表公司的花錢雇來(lái)的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接,但是就連他對(duì)工人們也沒(méi)有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。
the many shaping factors, i would single out the country?s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the american genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.[參考譯文]在許多形成因素當(dāng)中,我將挑選出這些:這個(gè)國(guó)家優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育:歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者們:獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)發(fā)明者的做法;而且最重要的是美國(guó)人在對(duì)那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語(yǔ)的、“空間性的”思考方面的天賦。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
eugene ferguson has pointed out, “a technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal pr ocess...the designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist”.[參考譯文]正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那樣:“一個(gè)技術(shù)專家思考那些不能被簡(jiǎn)化成能被清楚的語(yǔ)言描述的東西。這些東西在他的思維中是通過(guò)一種視覺(jué)的、非語(yǔ)言表述的過(guò)程宋處理的……設(shè)計(jì)者和發(fā)明者……能夠在他們的腦中裝配并操作那些還不存在的裝置?!? fulton once wrote, “the mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea”.[參考譯文]羅伯特?法歐特曾經(jīng)這樣寫到:“一個(gè)技師會(huì)坐在杠桿、螺絲釘、楔子、輪子等等當(dāng)中,就像一個(gè)詩(shī)人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把這些字母看成自己思想的展示,在這樣的展示中,每種新的次序安排都傳達(dá)了--種新的思想?!? the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.[參考譯文]在最后三章中,他脫下手套,將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的活動(dòng)和戰(zhàn)術(shù),而且,對(duì)于那些對(duì)神造論者的做事方式刁;熟 悉的人來(lái)說(shuō),神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實(shí)的程度可能會(huì)令這些人有一種不快的詫異。
the dust jacket of this fine book, stephen jay gould says: “this book stands for reason itself.” and so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.[參考譯文]在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上,史蒂芬?杰伊?古爾德寫道:“這本書本身就代表理性?!倍_實(shí)是這樣的--而且如果理性成為神造論/地化論之間的辯論中的惟一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話,一切就都好辦了。
six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, australia?s northern territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.[參考譯文] 經(jīng)過(guò)了六個(gè)月的爭(zhēng)論以及最后16個(gè)小時(shí)激烈的議會(huì)辯論,澳大利亞北部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個(gè)允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立法當(dāng)局。
have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the australian medical association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its the tide is unlikely to turn back.[參考譯文]一些機(jī)構(gòu)終于松了一口氣,但是其他一些機(jī)構(gòu),包括教堂,倡導(dǎo)生命之權(quán)的團(tuán)體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì),尖銳地抨擊這個(gè)法案,指責(zé)法案的通過(guò)過(guò)于匆忙。但是大勢(shì)已定,不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。
australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口老齡化,延長(zhǎng)壽命的技術(shù)和變化看的社會(huì)態(tài)度,這些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會(huì)考慮制定相似的關(guān)于安樂(lè)死的法律。
are, of course, --minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然,例外是存在的。在美國(guó),心胸狹窄的官員,粗魯?shù)膫髡?,和沒(méi)有禮貌的出租車司機(jī)也并不少見(jiàn)。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見(jiàn),這使得它值得被討論一下。
live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.[參考譯文]我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會(huì)用途都很廣泛 的社會(huì)里:一片用來(lái)止頭痛的阿斯匹林,一些用來(lái)社交的葡萄酒,早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡,一支用來(lái)定神的香煙。
ence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[參考譯文]對(duì)藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長(zhǎng)的耐藥量,要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來(lái)越大,然后表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)停止用藥后,令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現(xiàn)。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
36.“is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” senator robert dole asked time warner executives last week.“you have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” [參考譯文]上星期參議員羅博特多爾質(zhì)問(wèn)時(shí)代華納公司的高級(jí)管理人員們:“難道這就是你們希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?你們已經(jīng)出賣了自己的靈魂,但是難道你們還非要腐化我們的國(guó)家,威脅我們的孩子們嗎?” 37.“the test of any democratic society, he wrote in a wall street journal column′, ”lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...“ [參考譯文]”對(duì)任何一個(gè)民主社會(huì)的考驗(yàn),“他在《華爾街雜志》的一個(gè)專欄文章中寫到,”不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見(jiàn)的表達(dá),而在于這個(gè)社會(huì)是否能給予思考和表達(dá)的盡可能廣泛的自由,不管有時(shí)候這種結(jié)果是多么的富有爭(zhēng)議或令人不快…“ the discussion of rock singing verses at last month´s stockholders′ meeting, levin asserted that ”music is not the cause of society´s ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the bronx, new york, who uses rap to communicate with students.[參考譯文]在-上個(gè)月的股東大會(huì)上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中,萊文宣稱說(shuō):”音樂(lè)不是社會(huì)問(wèn)題的原因“,他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克斯的一個(gè)教師,并用說(shuō)唱音樂(lè)與學(xué)生們進(jìn)行溝通。
of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ of ”a touch on the brakes“,makes it sound like a precise g could be further from the truth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯,例如”輕踩剎車“以”操縱經(jīng)濟(jì)軟著陸“,使貨幣政策聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是一門精確的科學(xué)。沒(méi)有什么比這更遠(yuǎn)離實(shí)際情況的了。
ists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in britain and the united states, since, conventi onal measures suggest that both economies, and especially america´s, have little productive slack.[參考譯文]經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們對(duì)英國(guó)和美國(guó)的有利的通貨膨脹數(shù)據(jù)尤其感到驚訝,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的計(jì)量方法顯示兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì),特別是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì),幾乎沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)蕭條的時(shí)候。
4 most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.[參考譯文]很不幸,這最令人震驚的解釋有一點(diǎn)缺陷。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)有力的變化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了那個(gè)以經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和通貨膨脹的歷史關(guān)聯(lián)為基礎(chǔ)的舊的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。
aswan dam, for example, stopped the nile flooding but deprived egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.[參考譯文]例如,阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫,但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換宋的就是這么個(gè)疾病滋生的水庫(kù),現(xiàn)在這個(gè)水庫(kù)積滿了淤泥,幾乎不能發(fā)電了。
ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall produ ctivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, [參考譯文]企業(yè)重組的新方法--所有那些重新設(shè)計(jì)、縮小規(guī)模的做法--只是對(duì)一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體生產(chǎn)力做出了一方面的貢獻(xiàn)。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)還受許多其他因素的驅(qū)動(dòng),比如結(jié)合設(shè)備和機(jī)械上的投資、新技術(shù),以及在教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資。
colleague, michael beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.[參考譯文]他的同事邁克爾?比爾說(shuō),有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機(jī)械的方式實(shí)行公司內(nèi)部的重新設(shè)計(jì),在沒(méi)有充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利的能力下削減了成本。
ers of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ”the flight from science and reason“ , held in new york city in 1995, and ”science in the age of(mis)information, which assembled last june near buffalo.[參考譯文]科學(xué)衛(wèi)士們?cè)跁?huì)議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注,比如1995年在紐約市舉行的 “逃離科學(xué)與理性”會(huì)議,以及去年6 月在布法羅附近召開的“(錯(cuò)誤)信息時(shí)代的科學(xué)”會(huì)議。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)46.a survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[參考譯文]一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1996年新聞報(bào)道的調(diào)查顯示,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽還可以貼在許多其他團(tuán)體身上,從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu),到鼓吹削減基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽)。
´true enemies of science, argues paul ehrllch of stanford university, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[參考譯文]環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)、斯坦福大學(xué)的保羅?厄爾里西認(rèn)為,科學(xué)真正的敵人是那些對(duì)支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業(yè)發(fā)展的其他后果的證據(jù)提出置疑的人。
development--and its strong implication for us politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the south as america´s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation´s head counting.[參考譯文]這種發(fā)展--以及其對(duì)美國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)在未來(lái)幾年的潛在的強(qiáng) 17 有力的影響一一使得南部在全國(guó)人口普查中有史以來(lái)首次成為美國(guó)人口最密集的地區(qū)。
they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as oregon, idaho and alaska in order to escape smog crime andother plagues of urbanization in the golden state.[參考譯文]他們常常選擇--現(xiàn)在依然這樣選擇--居住在那些氣候較為寒冷的地區(qū),比如俄勒岡、愛(ài)達(dá)荷,還有阿拉斯加,為的是逃避煙霧、犯罪,以及“金州”(加利福尼亞)城市化進(jìn)程中的其他問(wèn)題。
a result, california´s growth rate dropped during the 1970´s, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960´s growth figure and considerably below that of other western states.[參考譯文]結(jié)果,加利福尼亞的人口增長(zhǎng)率在20世紀(jì)70年代時(shí)下降到了18.5%一稍高于60年代增長(zhǎng)率的三分之二,大大低于西部其他各州。 most of the world?s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth?s surface;on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.[參考譯文]跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是,它們(熱點(diǎn))并不總是在由構(gòu)成地球表面巨大漂流板塊之間的邊界上出現(xiàn);相反,它們中有許多位于一個(gè)板塊較縱深的內(nèi)部。 relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth?s interior.[參考譯文]攜帶這些大陸板塊的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)能夠被詳細(xì)地表述出來(lái),但是這些板塊相對(duì)于另一些板塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)還不能輕易地解釋為它們相對(duì)于地球內(nèi)部的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.(略)
warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn?t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當(dāng)而且必須的--比如對(duì)于藥物相互作用的危險(xiǎn)提出警告--許多警告還是按州或聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的,然而(我們)并不清楚,如果顧客受到傷害時(shí),這些警告是不是確實(shí)可以使得生產(chǎn)者和銷售者豁免責(zé)任。
the same time, the american law institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.[參考譯文]與此同時(shí),美國(guó)法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成,他們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導(dǎo)方針,宣稱公司不必提醒顧客注意顯而易見(jiàn)的危險(xiǎn),也不必連篇累牘地一再提請(qǐng)他們注意一些可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.[參考譯文]但是,在過(guò)去的一年間,軟件公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)出工具,使得公司可以直接將信息“推出”給顧客,直接把營(yíng)銷訊息傳遞給目標(biāo)顧客。 examples of virtual vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.[參考譯文]像virtual vineyards,amazon.com這樣的先驅(qū)網(wǎng)站表明,20 一個(gè)將交互性、熱情服務(wù)和安全性合理結(jié)合以銷售同類商品的網(wǎng)址是可以吸引網(wǎng)上客戶注意的。
invisible border spanides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students? career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.[參考譯文]有些人為了學(xué)生的就業(yè)前景為教室里放置電腦而辯,有些人為教育的徹底改革中更為廣泛的理由為教室里放置電腦而辯,這兩群人之間有一條無(wú)形的界線。
, we have a certain conception of the american citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.[參考譯文]我們更應(yīng)該具有的是作為美國(guó)公民的某種觀念,這個(gè)公民人物如果不能很恰當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)識(shí)到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影響,那么其公民特征就是不完整的。
s, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.[參考譯文]另外,在我們這么一個(gè)大國(guó)里,經(jīng)濟(jì)延展到這么多的州、涉 及到這么多的國(guó)際公司,因而要按照數(shù)量培養(yǎng)出所需的各類專業(yè)人員是不大可能的
,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.[參考譯文]但是,對(duì)一個(gè)小部分學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),職業(yè)教育也是條可取的路徑。因?yàn)樵谄渌蛩叵嗤那闆r下,技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關(guān)鍵。ing that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by princeton president harold shapiro to report back to the white house in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.[參考譯文]他宣布自己反對(duì)使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)來(lái)克隆人類,并下令.不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗(yàn)--盡管還沒(méi)有人建議這么做--他還請(qǐng)一個(gè)以普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈羅得?夏皮羅為首的獨(dú)立的專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議。
a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 may meeting, shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”.參考譯文]在5月17日的會(huì)議上所討論的這份建議書的序言草案中,夏皮羅提出,專家組已經(jīng)達(dá)成廣泛共識(shí),那就是“試圖通過(guò)成人細(xì)胞核克隆來(lái)制造人類幼兒的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。
e current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo?s life, nbac will remain silent on embryo research.[參考譯文]因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)今的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆胚胎(人類后裔在出生前的最早階段)用于研究或者有意地威脅胚胎的生命,nbac在胚胎研究上將保持沉默。
experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.[參考譯文]如果試驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話,那么對(duì)管理層來(lái)說(shuō),期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。(北京安 通學(xué)校提供)
is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one e ye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信,知道自己準(zhǔn)備做什么、怎么做的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該因?yàn)楸仨氁恢谎鄱⒅浙y機(jī),一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.” [參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣,那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人”,喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。
grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class india compared to the tribe.[參考譯文]當(dāng)今人與人在很大程度上的平等--即面對(duì)自然淘汰法則人人機(jī)會(huì)均等,并且連子嗣的數(shù)目都一樣--意味著和在印度土著部落中的情況相比,印度中上層階級(jí)中已喪失了80%的自然選擇中的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.[參考譯文]當(dāng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展成某種流行時(shí)尚時(shí),最好應(yīng)該弄清這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)倡導(dǎo)者的真正意圖,因?yàn)?,不管他們的原則在今天看來(lái)多么牽強(qiáng)無(wú)理,很可能多年以后他們的理論會(huì)被視為正常。
regard to futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as literature.[參考譯文]然而就未來(lái)主義詩(shī)歌來(lái)說(shuō),情況則不這么簡(jiǎn)單了,因?yàn)椴还芪磥?lái)主義詩(shī)歌是什么--就算承認(rèn)它賴以存在的理論基礎(chǔ)都是正確的--這種形式也很難被歸入文學(xué)。
it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a turkish and a bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “pluff!pluff!” a hundred and eighty-five kilograms.“ [參考譯文]但當(dāng)我們先是從注釋中得知某詩(shī)行講述了一個(gè)土耳其軍官和一個(gè)保加利亞軍官在橋上動(dòng)手打架并雙雙掉進(jìn)河里,而后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)該行詩(shī)中不過(guò)只充斥著”撲通,撲通,185公斤重“這類對(duì)他們落水時(shí)的動(dòng)靜以及對(duì)軍官 們體重的描寫時(shí),我們不免感到困惑不安。
coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing janpan?s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)使得青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)變得極為有限,他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國(guó)內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學(xué)校和體面工作的嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)階梯而做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲。
year mitsuo setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the american occupation authorities after world war ii had weakened the ”japanese morality of respect for parents“.[參考譯文]去年,當(dāng)擔(dān)任教育部長(zhǎng)職務(wù)的瀨戶光夫爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)二戰(zhàn)后由美國(guó)占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局引入的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族”尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)“的時(shí)候,輿論嘩然。
economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of japan?s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.[參考譯文]隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng),出現(xiàn)了集中化:全國(guó)1.19億公民,其中整整76%的人口定居城市:在這里,原來(lái)的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄,取而代之的是與外界疏于往來(lái)的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。
the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared;and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.[參考譯文]如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力,那么這傳統(tǒng)必會(huì)為許多人分享;尤其會(huì)受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睞,在這些人中受過(guò)良好教育的可不占少數(shù)。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
nly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than homes, european travel, bmws--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然,人們現(xiàn)在對(duì)成功及其各種標(biāo)志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅、歐陸旅行、寶馬車--地點(diǎn)、地名以及品牌或許會(huì)有變化,但這類事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會(huì)亞于一二十年前。
d, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of american materialism with a southampton summer home;the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants;the jou rnalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.[參考譯文]相反,我們被款待看到這樣一些虛偽的壯觀景象,他們似乎比以前的任何時(shí)候都更供應(yīng)充足:美國(guó)式物質(zhì)主義的批判者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊:激進(jìn)書籍的出版商卻在三星級(jí)餐廳享用一日三餐;倡導(dǎo)在人生各個(gè)階段的參與民主制的記者,他的子女卻就讀于私立學(xué)校。 clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any heless, the word ”amateur“ does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.[參考譯文]科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛(ài)好者之間劃不出涇渭分明的界線:因?yàn)槿魏我?guī)則都有例外。然而,”業(yè)余“一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融入職業(yè)科學(xué)界,尤其未能分享科學(xué)圈子的價(jià)值。
trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the united kingdom.[參考譯文]很自然,這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)在尤以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)最為明顯,并且可以英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展作例證來(lái)說(shuō)明。
80.a comparison of british geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.[參考譯文]將過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較,(我們)就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對(duì)科研的主導(dǎo)地位的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升,而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的
8 overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.[參考譯文]這樣一來(lái)總的結(jié)果便是業(yè)余愛(ài)好者想在專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)期刊…卜發(fā)表文章就更難了,而被廣泛使用的論文評(píng)審?fù)扑]制度又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一結(jié)果,該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)的國(guó)家級(jí)刊物上,后又在20世紀(jì)被幾家地方級(jí)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物所使用。
82.a rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.[參考譯文]一個(gè)頗為相似的分化過(guò)程已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家走到一起組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的??茖W(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán),而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛(ài)好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團(tuán),要么也以另一種方式組成全國(guó)性機(jī)構(gòu)。
to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.[參考譯文]遺憾地講,這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計(jì)劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些十分低層次的發(fā)現(xiàn),比如新聞報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤,拼寫或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤(和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn))交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
84.i believe that the most important forces behind the massive m&m wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers′ demands.[參考譯文]我認(rèn)為巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮背后的最重要的推動(dòng)力同時(shí)也就是促成全球化進(jìn)程的那方基石:即降低交通運(yùn)輸成本,逐漸減少貿(mào)易投資壁壘,以及大。幅度拓展市場(chǎng),這些都要求更大規(guī)模的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理以滿足消費(fèi)者需求。85.a lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile car eer although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, i covered my exit by claiming ”i wanted to spend more time with my family.“ [參考譯文]一次側(cè)面的不光明磊落的攻擊傷害了我的自尊,阻礙了我事業(yè)的發(fā)展,使我不得不拋棄了那份引人注目的工作,盡管表面上我還要以一個(gè)蒙受屈辱的政府部長(zhǎng)的姿態(tài),通過(guò)聲稱”我只不過(guò)是想多和家人呆在一起“來(lái)掩蓋我的退出。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
86.i have discovered, as perhaps kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of ”juggling your life“, and making the alternative move into ”downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.[參考譯文]或許正像凱爾西在不堪積勞重負(fù)而公開地辭去她在《她》雜志社的編輯一職之后一樣,我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),放棄那種“為生活忙碌”的人生信條并轉(zhuǎn)而追求比較悠閑的生活帶給你的回報(bào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會(huì)地位。 in america the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ′ 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.31 [參考譯文]在美國(guó),這一返樸趨勢(shì)是以經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落的反應(yīng)為開始的--那是在80年代末期裁員而引起大量的失業(yè)之后一一現(xiàn)在依然與提倡節(jié)儉的政綱相關(guān);而在英國(guó),最起碼在我所熟識(shí)的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)返樸歸隱者中,追求簡(jiǎn)約;生活的原因就多種多樣了。
the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the′ 80s, down-shifting in the mid′ 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.[參考譯文]對(duì)于我這一代曾在整個(gè)80年代為生活奔波的女人來(lái)說(shuō),90年代中期出現(xiàn)的歸隱恬退與其說(shuō)是我們尋求一種神話般的美好生活--用有機(jī)肥種;植蔬菜,并且自己放棄一切的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)--不如說(shuō)是我們清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到自身;能力是有限的這一事實(shí)。
you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it′ 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman′ s notorious bad taste in ties.[參考譯文]如果你是你講話對(duì)象中的一員,那么你就身處一種(有利)位置宋了解對(duì)你們來(lái)說(shuō)都很普遍的經(jīng)歷和問(wèn)題,而且你對(duì)餐廳中難以下咽的食物或老總臭名昭彰的領(lǐng)帶品位進(jìn)行隨意評(píng)判也是合適的。
are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone [參考譯文]現(xiàn)在已有一些機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行精確到毫米以下的腦部和骨骼手術(shù)這要比極具技巧的醫(yī)生單單用手精確得多。
if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least′ a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.[參考譯文]但是如果機(jī)器人要達(dá)到節(jié)省人工的下一個(gè)階段,它們將必須在更少的人力監(jiān)督之下工作,而且還要能夠自己作出至少幾個(gè)決定--這些目標(biāo)才會(huì)引發(fā)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。
the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.[參考譯文]但是人類的頭腦可以只迅速地瞟一眼一個(gè)快速改變的場(chǎng)面,然后立刻放棄98%的不相關(guān)部分,而馬上聚焦于一條崎嶇森林道路邊的一只猴子,或者在茫茫人海中的一張可疑的臉。
oecd estimates in its latest economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of gdp.[參考譯文]oecd在其最近的《經(jīng)濟(jì)瞭望》中估計(jì),如果石油價(jià)格與1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均為每22美元,這也只會(huì)給富裕的經(jīng)濟(jì)體的石油進(jìn)口賬單上增加gdp的0.25%到0.5%。
more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.[參考譯文]另外一個(gè)不應(yīng)因油價(jià)上漲而失眠的原因是,這次不像70年代的那些次上漲,它并不是在普遍的商品價(jià)格暴漲和全球需求過(guò)旺的背景之下發(fā)生的。
gh it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.[參考譯文]盡管它裁決并沒(méi)有憲法權(quán)利來(lái)支持醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為,34 最高法院實(shí)際上支持了被稱為“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則;這個(gè)已有幾個(gè)世紀(jì)歷史的道德原則認(rèn)為一個(gè)可能有兩個(gè)效果的行為--一個(gè)想要達(dá)到的好的效果和一個(gè)已經(jīng)預(yù)見(jiàn)到的有害的效果是被允許的,如果行為的實(shí)施者想要的只是好的效果的話。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
dubler, director of montefiore medical center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” [參考譯文]nancy dubler,montehore醫(yī)療中心的主任,認(rèn)為這一原則將會(huì)保護(hù)這樣一些醫(yī)生,他們到目前為止還強(qiáng)烈堅(jiān)持他們不能夠給病人足量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑來(lái)控制他們的疼痛,如果這么做會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話。 another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted—suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.[參考譯文]在另一個(gè)層面上,很多醫(yī)療界的人承認(rèn),關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論部分是因?yàn)椴∪说慕^望情緒,對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)延長(zhǎng)了死亡的身體痛苦。
identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of
end--of--life care.[參考譯文]它把對(duì)疼痛的治療不足和盲目積極使用“有可能延長(zhǎng)死亡時(shí)間甚至讓死亡過(guò)程蒙羞的無(wú)效并且強(qiáng)迫性的醫(yī)療手段”視為生命臨終醫(yī)護(hù)的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。
other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.[參考譯文]換句話說(shuō),在媒介機(jī)構(gòu)的新聞采編室文化中存在著--套約定俗成的寫作模式,為新聞報(bào)道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。若沒(méi)有這些,新聞內(nèi)容就會(huì)一團(tuán)混亂,讓人摸不著頭腦。
it did, it would open up its spanersity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.[參考譯文]如果新聞界真的注意到了問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵,它就應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步開放其多樣化項(xiàng)目,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在還只單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工,而進(jìn)一步尋找那些世界觀、價(jià)值觀、教育水平和社會(huì)階層大相徑庭的各種記者。
復(fù)試英譯漢技巧篇四
復(fù)試最重要的是什么?
有人說(shuō)是成績(jī),那是錯(cuò)誤的,復(fù)試最重要是的是你在未來(lái)導(dǎo)師眼中的形象。怎么樣才能給他一個(gè)好的影像?這對(duì)于還沒(méi)出校門的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)的確不知道要怎么去做?
導(dǎo)師招學(xué)生來(lái)是做什么的?他最想得到什么樣的學(xué)生?
導(dǎo)師要的是那些能做事少說(shuō)話的學(xué)生,就是什么事都做的那種學(xué)生。所以你與導(dǎo)師第一次見(jiàn)面時(shí),不要夸夸其談,這樣的學(xué)生導(dǎo)師是80%討厭的。那第一次與導(dǎo)師見(jiàn)面說(shuō)些什么,一:可以聊一些有關(guān)專業(yè)方面的問(wèn)題,而這些你最好是在你自己見(jiàn)導(dǎo)師之前就準(zhǔn)備好的,一個(gè)能提出好問(wèn)題的學(xué)生比一些能解決問(wèn)題的學(xué)生還重要,問(wèn)專業(yè)問(wèn)題時(shí),不要什么都問(wèn),因?yàn)橛行﹩?wèn)題會(huì)讓導(dǎo)師覺(jué)得你什么也不懂,那么他要不要你還真得好好考慮一下。二:要是你的確沒(méi)什么好問(wèn)題問(wèn),那怎么辦,那就聊天,對(duì),就是聊天!說(shuō)說(shuō)這里的天氣,這是一個(gè)萬(wàn)能的話題,沒(méi)人對(duì)此反感的。三:禮給導(dǎo)師,送什么呢,我覺(jué)得不要太值錢的東西,這樣不太好,就弄些家里十分特別的東西,也就是特產(chǎn)之類的東西,比如你來(lái)自江西景德鎮(zhèn),那么瓷器是必不可少的,一定要是精品,不要隨便在一個(gè)地貨難上弄一個(gè)!
說(shuō)完這些見(jiàn)面“禮”,就輪到面試了;
注意,許多同學(xué)把面試與招工的面試混為一談,這兩者之間是有著極大的不同的,因?yàn)檎泄に菑膸资畟€(gè)人來(lái)選幾個(gè)人出來(lái),而面試是從十幾個(gè)人里選一兩個(gè)出去。所以招工面試可以出奇制勝,而如果你想在這里也來(lái)個(gè)出奇至勝,那么往往是出奇至敗的。
面試的衣著也是很重要的,對(duì)于男生來(lái)說(shuō),如果你選西裝,那么你就要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1:袖口的商標(biāo)一定要剪掉(不要問(wèn)為什么,剪去沒(méi)錯(cuò))
2:穿西裝要注意“三色原理”,什么是三色原理,就是說(shuō)你身上的 色不過(guò)三,也就是說(shuō)你身上所有的色加起來(lái)不能超過(guò)三種色彩。領(lǐng)帶最好用好一些的,因?yàn)槟鞘悄愕膎o2臉,花紋要是幾何圖形的。如果你的鞋是黑的,那么你的皮帶也要是一樣的色。
3:不能穿白襪子,為什么,因?yàn)樵谡?guī)場(chǎng)合,這是禁忌,在國(guó)外別人把這樣的人說(shuō)成是驢,那么你的腳就自然是驢腳了。
4:不要夾領(lǐng)帶夾,因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)帶夾只有vip與公安等企業(yè)事業(yè)單位的工作人員用,一般的人就不能夾那個(gè)的至于你選休閑裝,就省事多了,如果你選休閑裝的話,面試的老師也不會(huì)與你計(jì)較這些。
女生:
1:我建議都選休閑裝,因?yàn)榕说囊轮皇且话闳四芨愣ǖ?,(裝的講究太
多了)
2:如果你的長(zhǎng)頭發(fā),那么面試時(shí)一定一定一定要扎起來(lái),不能披發(fā),可能有的同學(xué)覺(jué)得自己披發(fā)很好看,可是這里可不要那個(gè)好看。
3:如果你有體味,可以弄點(diǎn)香水,但要用淡的,也不要用多種香水,最好用一種或同一系列的香水。
4:可以適當(dāng)?shù)鼗┑瓓y,因?yàn)榛瘖y是對(duì)別人的尊敬,注意是淡妝
5:一般不建議查口紅,不過(guò)你要查得注意:口紅的色要與你的襯衣色一至,另指油也要一至,不過(guò)好這不要為好
6不能穿帶皮的褲子,因?yàn)樵趪?guó)外,只有妓女才川皮裙,所以帶的褲不要考慮,不管你是不是覺(jué)得好看都不要!
現(xiàn)在說(shuō)說(shuō)怎么去面對(duì)老師了。
坐在中間的那個(gè)老師自然是一把手了,進(jìn)去之前,最好能向他問(wèn)個(gè)好,不要硬綁綁地一屁股坐在椅子上,等他示意你坐,先對(duì)他說(shuō) 謝謝!禮多人不怪
位置是這樣的,中間的老師是老大,你自己右邊的老師是老二,你左邊的是老三,依此推理。
中間老大問(wèn)你問(wèn)題時(shí),你不要只看著他,也要“照顧?一下老三和老二,那么這也許能讓他們幾位多給你加些分的,如果你很怕看著老師,我有一”絕招“教你:你可以把你的目光放到老師身后去,那么這樣你說(shuō)看不到老師,而老師卻以為你是一直看著他的,回答時(shí),頭要?jiǎng)觿?dòng),選從中間向右轉(zhuǎn),再轉(zhuǎn)到左邊,當(dāng)然幅度不要太大,只要讓那些老師都覺(jué)得你至少也”關(guān)照“過(guò)他們了
針對(duì)這次面試情況,有幾點(diǎn)啟發(fā):
第一,自信和放輕松點(diǎn)是主要的。
第二,態(tài)度要誠(chéng)懇,不要夸夸其談。
第三,說(shuō)出的觀點(diǎn)一定要能自圓其說(shuō)。
第四,對(duì)你報(bào)考的導(dǎo)師的研究方向要有所了解和準(zhǔn)備。
第五,英語(yǔ)能力很重要,首先是初試要考,你得過(guò)線,其次是面試也也很重視你的英語(yǔ)能力。
第六,自己要有研究方向,研究方法考博考試
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復(fù)試英譯漢技巧篇五
英譯漢翻譯技巧
王 瑛
英譯漢部分要求翻譯單句, 而不是段落或篇章??忌紫纫x懂句子,了解句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、使用的固定詞組、習(xí)慣用法及詞與詞之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系, 然后, 再正確分析原文的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象和邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)行透徹的理解, 最后, 力圖用簡(jiǎn)潔明了的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻譯技巧。
一、翻譯技巧一
一般的英譯漢考題不會(huì)只是簡(jiǎn)單句。我們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí), 首先要從語(yǔ)法入手, 找尋和確定句子大的框架結(jié)構(gòu), 通過(guò)分析把句中的從句和插入部分先排除掉, 明確句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于我們正確理解整句話的意思。
(一)重點(diǎn)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)
其實(shí), 就英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言, 是有規(guī)律可循的。除去省略句、倒裝句、感嘆句和
一些特殊句子外, 英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為三類: be句型: 主語(yǔ) + be + 表語(yǔ)
miss jones is a manager.瓊斯小姐是位經(jīng)理。
do句型: 主語(yǔ) + do +(賓語(yǔ))+(狀語(yǔ))he teaches english in this school.他在這所學(xué)校教英語(yǔ)。
be句型: there be + 主語(yǔ) + 狀語(yǔ)
there are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美麗的野花。
(二)確定語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象和慣用結(jié)構(gòu)
英譯漢考題中常見(jiàn)的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法有: 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等。考生要非常熟悉這些語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象, 才不至于對(duì)句子產(chǎn)生誤解。例如:
? anyone who is interested in it can go with us.對(duì)這事感興趣的人可以跟我們?nèi)ァ?who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)anyone)? the problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天會(huì)上討論過(guò)的那個(gè)問(wèn)題非常重要。(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)the problem)? you could have done better if you had been more careful.要是細(xì)心一點(diǎn)的話,你就會(huì)做得更好。(if 引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句)? hardly had i said that when she entered the room.我剛說(shuō)完,她就進(jìn)來(lái)了。(倒裝句, 否定詞hardly位于句首, 助動(dòng)詞had 放在主語(yǔ)i之前)? it was not until last night that i noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到這件事。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句: it was not until+強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that句子其余成分)? the books were either works on travel or detective novels.這些書要么是關(guān)于旅行的, 要么就是偵探小說(shuō)。(連接詞either? or?連接兩個(gè)表語(yǔ))(三)熟悉固定搭配詞組和習(xí)慣用法
英譯漢考題中還常常會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn) – 固定搭配的詞組和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法, 旨在考查考生對(duì)詞匯的掌握和運(yùn)用情況??忌诶斫膺@些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)時(shí)會(huì)感到很困難, 這是因?yàn)閱螐慕M成某個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的詞的字面意思上來(lái)理解其含義, 往往會(huì)出偏差, 必將影響到對(duì)整個(gè)句子的理解。例如:
? they came up with a cure for the disease at last.他們最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療這種疾病的方法(短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,意為“提出;發(fā)現(xiàn)”)
? the news got around by word of mouth.這一消息通過(guò)人們的口傳播開來(lái)。(介詞短語(yǔ),意為“口頭流傳”)
? it’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看, 用真皮更便宜。(介詞短語(yǔ),意為“從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看”)
? i’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他們?cè)覆辉敢饴?tīng), 我要告訴他們真相。(形容詞短語(yǔ),意為 “不管...”)
? punishment had very little effect on him.懲罰對(duì)他沒(méi)有什么效果。(名詞短語(yǔ),意為“對(duì)?起作用”)
(四)熟練掌握過(guò)渡連接詞
過(guò)渡連接詞是使上下文的連接自然、緊湊的有效方法,使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性。因此,熟練掌握過(guò)渡連接詞能充分把握住原文的意圖和出題思路。過(guò)渡連接詞按語(yǔ)義劃分為以下最常見(jiàn)的幾種類型
表示增補(bǔ): and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore ?
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence ?
表示轉(zhuǎn)折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact ?
表示列舉: firstly, secondly, for one thing?for another, to begin with, then, last ?
表示解釋: for example, for instance, that is, namely ? 表示總結(jié): in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole ?
例如:
? the railroad connects two cities, namely, new york and chicago.這鐵路聯(lián)接兩個(gè)城市, 即紐約和芝加哥。(表示解釋)? she was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她雖然很疲倦, 然而她卻繼續(xù)工作。(表示轉(zhuǎn)折)? he said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他說(shuō)他找不到它, 而且也沒(méi)有人會(huì)找到它。(表示增補(bǔ))? he was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示結(jié)果)他病了, 所以未能來(lái)。
二、翻譯技巧二
每一種語(yǔ)言,在詞意的運(yùn)用,語(yǔ)句的鋪排、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方面,都有其獨(dú)特的方式,而每一詞每一字所承載的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英譯漢的表達(dá)方式總體上可以分成兩大類:
(一)直譯法:
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 在語(yǔ)言條件許可的情況下, 應(yīng)該盡可能地用直譯, 使譯文既能保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又能保持原文的形式和風(fēng)格。例如:
o all roads lead to roma.條條大路通羅馬。
o the soldier was as brave as a lion.那個(gè)士兵像獅子一樣勇敢。
o my brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作崗位上如魚得水。
o it is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他這個(gè)人一向?qū)θ耸茄┲兴吞?,從?lái)不是錦上添花。
(二)意譯法: 為使譯文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息,當(dāng)翻譯中遇到兩種文化有差異,用直譯無(wú)法使譯文傳達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的信息時(shí),就要在母語(yǔ)中尋找與其對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式,利用各種必要的轉(zhuǎn)換手段進(jìn)行意譯。例如: ? he is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他窮困, 潦倒,好像過(guò)著牛馬一樣的生活。(轉(zhuǎn)譯法-a dog’s life轉(zhuǎn)換詞義)
? he behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采訪者問(wèn)題時(shí), 很有禮貌。(省略法–behaved 一詞不譯出)? he is a stranger to the company’s business.他對(duì)于該公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)是陌生的。(轉(zhuǎn)換法–stranger 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞)? all preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做試驗(yàn)之前, 一切準(zhǔn)備工作都必須做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
? each country has its own customs.各國(guó)有各國(guó)的風(fēng)俗.(重復(fù)法-each country重復(fù)使用“各國(guó)”)
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