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▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)
先行詞
指被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞。
一般先行詞出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句的前面。
關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用:
①連接作用,連接主句和定語(yǔ)從句。
②指代先行詞。
③在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。
注:關(guān)系代詞有主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)之分。一般who做主語(yǔ)或其賓格形式的whom做賓語(yǔ)(whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略),whose作為定語(yǔ)(whose不可省略)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)等,關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(where),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(when),原因狀語(yǔ)(why)。
定語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞,是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞表示的)漢語(yǔ)中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任,此外,名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)、從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ)。
被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞。如“the girl”,“the book”
如:She is the girl who likes singing. 她就是那個(gè)喜歡唱歌的女孩。
這就是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ) 從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車(chē)壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未 有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語(yǔ))
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例 如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從 句,在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過(guò)的地方。
判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要 求用關(guān)系代詞。例如:
(錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(對(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系 副詞.先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系代詞;先行詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選 擇關(guān)系副詞。
例如:(對(duì))Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago
(對(duì))Is this the museum where the exhibition was held
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句
限定性定語(yǔ)從句
意義:
限定性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整,例如I met some one who said he knows you.
在引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which,at which,for which或on which
(1)Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。
(2)I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂(lè),而他恰恰與我相反。
(3)We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。
在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略。
(1)The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 我在讀的書(shū)很有趣。
(2)Is there anything (that) you wanted 想要什么東西嗎
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
意義:
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),如
(1)The house,which I bought has a lovely garden.我買(mǎi)的房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
(2)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)三遍的小說(shuō)很感人。
1.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句可將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾,這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如:
(1)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
(2)Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
2. 在非限定定語(yǔ)從句中,有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞,若as在從句中作主語(yǔ),其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。例如:
(1)The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我們所預(yù)料的那樣,這個(gè)男孩取得了大的進(jìn)步。
(2) As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 每個(gè)人都知道,中國(guó)是一個(gè)有著悠久歷史的美麗國(guó)家。
3. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用從句做主語(yǔ)
(1)The boys ,who are playing football ,are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩們是一班的。
(2)I helped an old man ,who lost his way ,yesterday . 昨天,我?guī)椭艘粋€(gè)迷路的老人。
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
1)當(dāng)表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞時(shí),要判斷出它們?cè)趶木渲凶鳡钫Z(yǔ)還是主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系副詞,反之用關(guān)系代詞。
典型例題:I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
答案:A
解析:兩個(gè)先行詞the day都是表示時(shí)間的名詞,但第一個(gè)空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ),因此要用關(guān)系副詞when. 第二個(gè)空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞spent的賓語(yǔ),因此要用關(guān)系代詞which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.
2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為物時(shí),不能用what
3)there be句型中,指人用who指物用that。
4)當(dāng)主句中缺少主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),用the one。
5)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)先行詞+介詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞只能用whom或which
6)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)先行詞+介詞時(shí),注意判斷介詞與從句謂語(yǔ)是否有關(guān)系,以確定為定語(yǔ)從句
▲高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):定語(yǔ)從句的練習(xí)題及答案
1.This is the mountain village ________ I stayed last year.
2.This is the mountain village ________ I visited last year,.
3.I’ll never forget the days ________ I spent in the countryside.
4.I’ll never forget the days ________ I worked together with you.
5.I forget the time ________ he will come.
6.I forget the time ________ he told me.
7.The reason ________ he can’t come is that he is ill.
8.The reason ________ he told me is not true.
9.This is the factory ________ I visited last year.
10.This is the factory _______ I worked last year.
11.This is the factory _______ produces all kinds of TV sets.
12.This is the reason ________ he was absent.
13.This is the reason _______ can explain his absence.
答案
1.where
2. which
3. which / than
4. when
5. when
6. which
7. why
8. which / that
9. which
10.where
11.which
12.why
13.which
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):限定性定語(yǔ)從句
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):名詞性從句
2017年高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考知識(shí)點(diǎn):同位語(yǔ)從句
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