每個人都曾試圖在平淡的學習、工作和生活中寫一篇文章。寫作是培養(yǎng)人的觀察、聯(lián)想、想象、思維和記憶的重要手段。寫范文的時候需要注意什么呢？有哪些格式需要注意呢？這里我整理了一些優(yōu)秀的范文，希望對大家有所幫助，下面我們就來了解一下吧。
曲阜三孔導游詞篇一
在來山東曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對山東曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分詳細,現(xiàn)在,我就在進入景點之前,先把山東曲阜和孔子的情況簡要介紹一下。
山東曲阜位于中國山東省西南部，現(xiàn)有人中62萬其中城區(qū)人口10萬，面積約890平方公里?！吧綎|曲阜”二字始見于《爾雅》一書，東漢應邵解釋說：魯城中有阜，委曲長七八里，故名“山東曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年，也就是公元1012年，為了紀念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在山東曲阜，曾一度改名“仙源”縣，金太宗天會7年(公元1129年)，又復名山東曲阜，沿用至今。山東曲阜是一個小城，然而，山東曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城，在這片神圣而又古老的土地上，中國遠古傳說中的三皇五帝，竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據(jù)《史記》、《帝王世紀》等史書記載：“黃帝生于壽丘”，“少昊自窮桑登帝位，稱都山東曲阜，崩葬云陽山”，現(xiàn)在山東曲阜城東8里，仍留下座金字塔式的墳墓--少昊陵。中國有句俗話說道“人往高處走，水往低處流”，我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這里，從黃河中下游向中原，向黃土高原遷徙的過程，而我們的母親之河，黃河、長江，從黃土高原之上奔騰而下，一瀉千里，最后匯入大海呢!中國還有句古話叫“江南出才子，江北出圣人”，實際上，江北的圣人幾乎全出自山東曲阜。在中國封建時代，受到皇帝賜封的圣人一共有6位，他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復圣顏子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公，頭4位都出生在山東曲阜，后兩位一位是孔子的弟子，一位是封地在山東曲阜，周公的后世33代曾在魯國為國君，至今山東稱魯，即起于此?，F(xiàn)在山東曲阜地上地下文物眾多，文化燦爛，有國家級文物古跡4處，省級11處，市級100余處。1982年山東曲阜被國務院公布為全國首批24個歷史文化名城之一，1994年山東曲阜“三孔”被聯(lián)合國正式列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。由于山東曲阜對東方文化的重要貢獻，不少人稱山東曲阜為世界三大圣城之一：“東方的麥加”。在這里，您不得不沉思，也不能不感奮，因為這里深扎著中華民族的根，深扎著中國傳統(tǒng)文化的根。
各位朋友，在中國，在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上，你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文，也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么，象征什么。但是，當你走進中國人民的生活，行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創(chuàng)造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息，你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度，哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格，都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化的基因，在漫長的歷史演進過程中，儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統(tǒng)文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創(chuàng)始人，就是孔子。
孔子，春秋時代魯國人，也就是山東曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生于公元前551年，死于公元前479年，享年73歲?？鬃?歲時，父親叔梁紇去世，16歲時，母親顏征在去世，少年孔子成了孤兒，開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學，勤而好問，青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數(shù)六藝，進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)的內(nèi)容，為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學授徒，開始了漫長的教育生涯，他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾，提倡“有教無類”之風，成為中國第一位，也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時，才做了中都縣令，后來曾在魯攝相事，然而時間不長，他便辭了官，離開魯國開始了他長達14年的周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國，他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上，一直到死?？鬃拥囊簧穷嵟媪麟x，飽經(jīng)憂患的一生，是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發(fā)的一生，是春風化雨，培育英才的一生，是著書立說，濟時救世的一生。如今，他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅，但他的思想，卻潛入每個東方人的心靈，他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格，隨著歷史的發(fā)展和社會的進步，孔子還將引導著人類，跨向21世紀。
山東曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點很多，大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)。現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是山東曲阜明故城的正南門外，城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字?！柏稹笔枪糯拈L度單位，一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說，有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問，子貢聽說以后，就說：“人的學問好比宮墻，我的學問只有墻頭這么高，人們一看便會看見墻內(nèi)的一切，而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數(shù)仞，不找到它的門是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子的敬仰，明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上，清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”的來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇，始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝，仿皇宮之制，分九進院落，左右對稱排列，整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間，南北長約1公里?？讖R恢宏壯麗，面積之大，歷史之久，保存之完整，是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔廟大門東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”的碑刻，過去，任何官員至此，武官要下馬，文官要下轎，以表示對孔子的尊重。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣的評價，他說：“孔子之謂集大成，集大成者，金聲而玉振之也”?！敖鹇?、玉振”表示奏樂的全過程，以擊鐘開始，以擊磐告終，比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”，也叫“朝天吼”，這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”?！皺粜恰庇置焯镄?，古人祭天，先要祭欞星?！皺粜情T”三個字為乾隆所書?！疤驮獨狻狈煌敖鹇曈裾瘛狈徊畈欢?，題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書，贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門，東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大，他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“圣時門”，由此住里，有博大精深、深不可測之感?！笆r”二字，取《孟子.萬章下》，“孔子，圣之時者也”句，意思是說，在圣人之中，孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋，叫“璧水橋”，橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門，東門叫“快睹門”，是先睹為快的意思，西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門，稱“弘道門”，這三個字取自《論語.衛(wèi)星公》“人能弘道”的句子，以此來贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大門。再往后是“大中門”，大中門是宋朝時期孔廟的大門，原名叫“宮和門”，字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關(guān)，由此門向南望去，一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革，一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴大，這些建筑既有清代建筑，也有明代建筑，還有宋代建筑，它們建的時代不同，工匠不同，但都互相配合，相得益彰，構(gòu)成一體?？纯讖R建筑，同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會的發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年)，因此也叫“成化碑”，它為明憲宗朱見深所立，碑高6米，寬2米多。這塊碑的特點是書法精湛，著稱于世，并且碑文用論辯形式寫成，在極力推崇孔子方面，可以說是之最。大家請看右上角，那上面寫道：“聯(lián)惟孔子之道，有天下者一日不可無焉”，又說：“孔子之道在天下，如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動物不是烏龜，叫*，是龍的兒子，特別能負重，所以用來馱碑，有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”，在孔廟內(nèi)，龍和龍的9個兒子，你都可以看到，當?shù)氐睦习傩粘磉@里撫摸這*，他們說：“摸摸*的頭，一輩子不犯愁，摸摸*的*，一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”，原是孔廟的藏書樓?！翱恰睘槎诵撬拗?，有星十六顆，“屈曲相鉤，似文字之畫”，后來人們把它演化為文官之首，封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星，所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米，闊30.1米，深17.62米，三重飛檐，四層斗拱，構(gòu)造堅固而且合理，康熙年間山東曲阜曾有過一次大地震，“人間房屋傾者九，存者一”，而奎文閣卻傲然屹立，安然無恙，由此可見我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進入孔廟的第六進院落，展現(xiàn)在大家面前的是13座碑亭，南邊8座，北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢，碑文多為皇帝對孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀錄，用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑，重約65噸，采自北京的西山，在當時，將如此重量的石碑從千里之外，跋山涉水，運至山東曲阜，不能不說是一個奇跡。此院東、西各有一門，是孔廟第三道腰門，為“東華門、西華門”。
我們現(xiàn)在進入大成門，“大成門”是指今天下之大成，這一排共有5門并列，最西邊為啟圣門，是供奉孔子父母的地方，中路大成門，又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐，中路為孔廟最中心的地方，東為承圣門，原為孔子故居。
大家知道，孔子是偉大的思想家，教育家、政治家，我們認為，孔子首先是個教育家，他是中國第一位老師，封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”，應當說，他是全人類的老師，是名符其實的“人類靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”，相傳是當年孔子設(shè)壇講學的地方，金代建亭作以紀念，著名文人黨懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹，為后人所栽，每當初春時節(jié)，紅花綻開，綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時，曾賦詩贊之，詩曰：重來又值秈開時，幾樹東風簇絳枝，豈是人間凡卉比，文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚天下的“大成殿”，它是中國的“三大殿”之一，與北京故宮的“太和殿”，泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名，其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米，闊45.78米，深24.8米，雕梁畫棟，金壁輝煌，特別是周圍28根石柱，為世界文化瑰寶，均以整石雕刻而成，前面10根為深浮雕，每柱二龍戲珠，盤繞升騰，栩栩如生，刀法剛勁有力，各具變化。過去皇帝來了，都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆娍峙乱矔詰M不如。兩側(cè)及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕，每柱72條龍，總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像，兩側(cè)為四配，東西是復圣顏回、述圣孔及，西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日，我們都在這里舉行盛大的國際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀念儀式，表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”，舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動，歡迎各位到時光臨。
曲阜三孔導游詞篇二
不知道您讀沒讀過《論語》，那上面開篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎”。那么我就以孔子的這句名言，熱烈地歡迎您來孔子的故鄉(xiāng)山東曲阜參觀游覽。下面，就由我陪同各位游覽并進行導游服務，非常感謝您的合作，并衷心地希望您對我的工作多提出批評意見。
在來山東曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對山東曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分詳細,現(xiàn)在,我就在進入景點之前,先把山東曲阜和孔子的情況簡要介紹一下。
山東曲阜位于中國山東省西南部，現(xiàn)有人中62萬其中城區(qū)人口10萬，面積約890平方公里?！吧綎|曲阜”二字始見于《爾雅》一書，東漢應邵解釋說：魯城中有阜，委曲長七八里，故名“山東曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年，也就是公元1012年，為了紀念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在山東曲阜，曾一度改名“仙源”縣，金太宗天會7年(公元1129年)，又復名山東曲阜，沿用至今。山東曲阜是一個小城，然而，山東曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城，在這片神圣而又古老的土地上，中國遠古傳說中的三皇五帝，竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據(jù)《史記》、《帝王世紀》等史書記載：“黃帝生于壽丘”，“少昊自窮桑登帝位，稱都山東曲阜，崩葬云陽山”，現(xiàn)在山東曲阜城東8里，仍留下座金字塔式的墳墓--少昊陵。中國有句俗話說道“人往高處走，水往低處流”，我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這里，從黃河中下游向中原，向黃土高原遷徙的過程，而我們的母親之河，黃河、長江，從黃土高原之上奔騰而下，一瀉千里，最后匯入大海呢!中國還有句古話叫“江南出才子，江北出圣人”，實際上，江北的圣人幾乎全出自山東曲阜。在中國封建時代，受到皇帝賜封的圣人一共有6位，他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復圣顏子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公，頭4位都出生在山東曲阜，后兩位一位是孔子的弟子，一位是封地在山東曲阜，周公的后世33代曾在魯國為國君，至今山東稱魯，即起于此。現(xiàn)在山東曲阜地上地下文物眾多，文化燦爛，有國家級文物古跡4處，省級11處，市級100余處。1982年山東曲阜被國務院公布為全國首批24個歷史文化名城之一，1994年山東曲阜“三孔”被聯(lián)合國正式列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。由于山東曲阜對東方文化的重要貢獻，不少人稱山東曲阜為世界三大圣城之一：“東方的麥加”。在這里，您不得不沉思，也不能不感奮，因為這里深扎著中華民族的根，深扎著中國傳統(tǒng)文化的根。
各位朋友，在中國，在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上，你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文，也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么，象征什么。但是，當你走進中國人民的生活，行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創(chuàng)造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息，你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度，哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格，都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化的基因，在漫長的歷史演進過程中，儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統(tǒng)文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創(chuàng)始人，就是孔子。
孔子，春秋時代魯國人，也就是山東曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生于公元前551年，死于公元前479年，享年73歲?？鬃?歲時，父親叔梁紇去世，16歲時，母親顏征在去世，少年孔子成了孤兒，開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學，勤而好問，青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數(shù)六藝，進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)的內(nèi)容，為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學授徒，開始了漫長的教育生涯，他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾，提倡“有教無類”之風，成為中國第一位，也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時，才做了中都縣令，后來曾在魯攝相事，然而時間不長，他便辭了官，離開魯國開始了他長達14年的周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國，他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上，一直到死?？鬃拥囊簧穷嵟媪麟x，飽經(jīng)憂患的一生，是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發(fā)的一生，是春風化雨，培育英才的一生，是著書立說，濟時救世的一生。如今，他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅，但他的思想，卻潛入每個東方人的心靈，他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格，隨著歷史的發(fā)展和社會的進步，孔子還將引導著人類，跨向21世紀。
山東曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點很多，大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)?，F(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是山東曲阜明故城的正南門外，城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。“仞”是古代的長度單位，一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說，有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問，子貢聽說以后，就說：“人的學問好比宮墻，我的學問只有墻頭這么高，人們一看便會看見墻內(nèi)的一切，而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數(shù)仞，不找到它的門是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子的敬仰，明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上，清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”的來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇，始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝，仿皇宮之制，分九進院落，左右對稱排列，整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間，南北長約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗，面積之大，歷史之久，保存之完整，是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔廟大門東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”的碑刻，過去，任何官員至此，武官要下馬，文官要下轎，以表示對孔子的尊重。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對孔子曾有過這樣的評價，他說：“孔子之謂集大成，集大成者，金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂的全過程，以擊鐘開始，以擊磐告終，比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個獨角怪獸稱“辟邪”，也叫“朝天吼”，這是封建社會王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門叫“欞星門”?！皺粜恰庇置焯镄?，古人祭天，先要祭欞星?！皺粜情T”三個字為乾隆所書?！疤驮獨狻狈煌敖鹇曈裾瘛狈徊畈欢啵}字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書，贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬物。此院東西各有一座腰門，東邊上書“德侔天地一樣大，他的學說古今來說都是最好的”。這座門叫“圣時門”，由此住里，有博大精深、深不可測之感。“圣時”二字，取《孟子.萬章下》，“孔子，圣之時者也”句，意思是說，在圣人之中，孔子是最適合時代者。
過圣時門迎面小石橋，叫“璧水橋”，橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門，東門叫“快睹門”，是先睹為快的意思，西門叫“仰高門”贊頌孔子的學問十分高深。我們進入的大門，稱“弘道門”，這三個字取自《論語.衛(wèi)星公》“人能弘道”的句子，以此來贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時孔廟的大門。再往后是“大中門”，大中門是宋朝時期孔廟的大門，原名叫“宮和門”，字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關(guān)，由此門向南望去，一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革，一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴大，這些建筑既有清代建筑，也有明代建筑，還有宋代建筑，它們建的時代不同，工匠不同，但都互相配合，相得益彰，構(gòu)成一體?？纯讖R建筑，同時可以看到一部分中國封建社會的發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年)，因此也叫“成化碑”，它為明憲宗朱見深所立，碑高6米，寬2米多。這塊碑的特點是書法精湛，著稱于世，并且碑文用論辯形式寫成，在極力推崇孔子方面，可以說是之最。大家請看右上角，那上面寫道：“聯(lián)惟孔子之道，有天下者一日不可無焉”，又說：“孔子之道在天下，如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動物不是烏龜，叫_是龍的兒子，特別能負重，所以用來馱碑，有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”，在孔廟內(nèi)，龍和龍的9個兒子，你都可以看到，當?shù)氐睦习傩粘磉@里撫摸這_他們說：“摸摸_頭，一輩子不犯愁，摸摸__一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”，原是孔廟的藏書樓?！翱恰睘槎诵撬拗?，有星十六顆，“屈曲相鉤，似文字之畫”，后來人們把它演化為文官之首，封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星，所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米，闊30.1米，深17.62米，三重飛檐，四層斗拱，構(gòu)造堅固而且合理，康熙年間山東曲阜曾有過一次大地震，“人間房屋傾者九，存者一”，而奎文閣卻傲然屹立，安然無恙，由此可見我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進入孔廟的第六進院落，展現(xiàn)在大家面前的是13座碑亭，南邊8座，北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢，碑文多為皇帝對孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀錄，用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑，重約65噸，采自北京的西山，在當時，將如此重量的石碑從千里之外，跋山涉水，運至山東曲阜，不能不說是一個奇跡。此院東、西各有一門，是孔廟第三道腰門，為“東華門、西華門”。
我們現(xiàn)在進入大成門，“大成門”是指今天下之大成，這一排共有5門并列，最西邊為啟圣門，是供奉孔子父母的地方，中路大成門，又有“金聲門、玉振門”相佐，中路為孔廟最中心的地方，東為承圣門，原為孔子故居。
大家知道，孔子是偉大的思想家，教育家、政治家，我們認為，孔子首先是個教育家，他是中國第一位老師，封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬世師表”，應當說，他是全人類的老師，是名符其實的“人類靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”，相傳是當年孔子設(shè)壇講學的地方，金代建亭作以紀念，著名文人黨懷英書“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹，為后人所栽，每當初春時節(jié)，紅花綻開，綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來朝拜時，曾賦詩贊之，詩曰：重來又值秈開時，幾樹東風簇絳枝，豈是人間凡卉比，文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚天下的“大成殿”，它是中國的“三大殿”之一，與北京故宮的“太和殿”，泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名，其雄偉壯麗有過之而無不及。殿高24.8米，闊45.78米，深24.8米，雕梁畫棟，金壁輝煌，特別是周圍28根石柱，為世界文化瑰寶，均以整石雕刻而成，前面10根為深浮雕，每柱二龍戲珠，盤繞升騰，栩栩如生，刀法剛勁有力，各具變化。過去皇帝來了，都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆娍峙乱矔詰M不如。兩側(cè)及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕，每柱72條龍，總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像，兩側(cè)為四配，東西是復圣顏回、述圣孔及，西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日，我們都在這里舉行盛大的國際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀念儀式，表演大型祭孔樂舞和“簫韶樂舞”，舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動，歡迎各位到時光臨。三孔導游詞【5】
山東曲阜是孔子的故鄉(xiāng)，山東曲阜的孔廟、孔府、孔林是我國歷代紀念孔子的圣地，統(tǒng)稱“三孔”?？追蜃由霸诖碎_壇授學，首創(chuàng)儒家文化，而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍，傳承著孔子的文化思想。1994年，“三孔”被聯(lián)合國列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。
山東曲阜“三孔”中的孔廟、孔府都坐落在市中心，孔林則位于城北。孔廟是國內(nèi)最大的祭祀孔子的廟宇，它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的，可謂全世界孔廟的始祖;孔府曾是數(shù)百年來孔子嫡系長期居住的地方，它的規(guī)模在國內(nèi)僅次于故宮;孔林則是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔廟，公元前478年始建，后不斷擴建，至今成為一處占地327公頃(1公頃=10^4平方米)的古建筑群，包括三殿、一閣、一壇、三祠、兩廡、兩堂、兩齋、十七亭與五十四門坊，氣勢宏偉、巨碑林立，堪稱宮殿之城。
孔府，建于宋代，是孔子嫡系子孫居住之地，西與孔廟毗鄰，占地約16公頃，共有九進院落，有廳、堂、樓、軒463間，舊稱“衍圣公府”。
孔林，亦稱“至圣林”，是孔子及其家族的專用墓地，林墻周長7千米，內(nèi)有古樹2萬多株，是一處古老的人造園林。
曲阜三孔導游詞篇三
各位朋友，在中國，在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上，你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文，也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么，象征什么。但是，當你走進中國人民的生活，行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動創(chuàng)造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接觸到中國人民在日常生活中流露出來的儒家文化的氣息，你便能由此體驗到中國人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風土人情和理想道德的差異。無論你從哪個角度，哪個層次去探究中華民族的個性與品格，都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化的基因，在漫長的歷史演進過程中，儒家文化幾乎成了中國傳統(tǒng)文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創(chuàng)始人，就是孔子。
孔子，春秋時代魯國人，也就是曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生于公元前551年，死于公元前479年，享年73歲?？鬃?歲時，父親叔梁紇去世，16歲時，母親顏征在去世，少年孔子成了孤兒，開始了他在等級森嚴的封建社會中獨自謀生、學習和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學，勤而好問，青年時代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂、射、御、書、數(shù)六藝，進而掌握了《詩》、《書》、《禮》、《樂》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)的內(nèi)容，為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學授徒，開始了漫長的教育生涯，他首開中國私人講學、面向民眾，提倡“有教無類”之風，成為中國第一位，也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時，才做了中都縣令，后來曾在魯攝相事，然而時間不長，他便辭了官，離開魯國開始了他長達20xx年的周游列國之行。
孔子在68歲時回到魯國，他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學和文獻整理上，一直到死?？鬃拥囊簧穷嵟媪麟x，飽經(jīng)憂患的一生，是艱苦卓絕、激勵奮發(fā)的一生，是春風化雨，培育英才的一生，是著書立說，濟時救世的一生。如今，他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅，但他的思想，卻潛入每個東方人的心靈，他熔鑄了中華民族的個性和品格，隨著歷史的發(fā)展和社會的進步，孔子還將引導著人類，跨向21世紀。
曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點很多，大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)。現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是曲阜明故城的正南門外，城門的北面是被稱為中國三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門的正上方有“萬仞宮墻”4個大字?！柏稹笔枪糯拈L度單位，一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說，有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學問，子貢聽說以后，就說：“人的學問好比宮墻，我的學問只有墻頭這么高，人們一看便會看見墻內(nèi)的一切，而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數(shù)仞，不找到它的門是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達對孔子的敬仰，明代胡纘宗就寫了“萬仞宮墻”4個字鑲在城門上，清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，換上了自己寫的“萬仞宮墻”4個大字。這就是“萬仞宮墻”的來歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇，始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝，仿皇宮之制，分九進院落，左右對稱排列，整個建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門坊共466間，南北長約1公里?？讖R恢宏壯麗，面積之大，歷史之久，保存之完整，是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
曲阜三孔導游詞篇四
孔廟、孔林、孔府位于中國北部山東省的曲阜市，又被合稱為“三孔”。 “三孔”是包括孔子及其后裔的宗廟，墓地和宅邸在內(nèi)，總占地面積約3500余畝，擁有近千間建筑的龐大建筑群。
孔廟位于曲阜市南門內(nèi)，是奉祀孔子的廟宇。曲阜孔廟是祭祀孔子的本廟，是分布在中國、朝鮮、日本、越南、印度尼西亞、新加坡、美國等國家20xx多座孔子廟的先河和范本，據(jù)稱孔廟始建于公元前478年，最初僅“廟屋三間”，后來經(jīng)過歷代的不斷興建，發(fā)展成為擁有各種建筑100余座，460余間，占地面積約95000平方米的龐大建筑群?？讖R是中國現(xiàn)存規(guī)模僅次于故宮的古建筑群，堪稱中國古代大型祠廟建筑的典范。
孔廟的總體設(shè)計是非常成功的。前為神道，兩側(cè)栽植檜柏，創(chuàng)造出莊嚴肅穆 的氣氛，培養(yǎng)謁廟者崇敬的情緒;廟的主體貫串在一條中軸線上，左有對稱，布局嚴謹。前后九進院落，前三進是引導性庭院，只有一些尺度較小的門坊，院內(nèi) 遍植成行的松柏，濃蔭蔽日，創(chuàng)造出使人清心滌念的環(huán)境，而高聳挺拔的蒼檜古柏間辟出一條幽深的甬道，既使人感到孔廟歷史的悠久，又烘托了孔于思想的深 奧。座座門坊高揭的額匾，極力贊頌孔子的功績，給人以強烈的印象，使人敬仰之情不覺油然而生。第四進以后庭院，建筑雄偉，黃瓦、紅墻、綠樹，交相輝映， 既喻示出孔于思想的博大高深，也喻示了孔子的豐功偉績，而供奉儒家賢達的東 西兩民，分別長166米，又喻示了儒家思想的源遠流長。
孔廟共有建筑100余座460余間，古建面積約16000平方米。主要建筑有金 元碑亭、明代奎文閣、杏壇、德佯天地坊等、清代重建的大成殿、寢殿等。金牌亭大木做法具有不少宋式特點，斗栱疏朗，瓜子栱、令栱、慢拱長度依次遞增，六鋪作里跳減二鋪，柱頭鋪作與補間鋪作外觀相同等。正殿庭采用廊廡圍繞的組合方式是宋金時期常用的封閉式祠廟形制少見的遺例。大成殿、寢殿、奎文閹、杏壇、大成門等建筑采用木石混合結(jié)構(gòu)，也是比較少見的形式。斗栱布置和細部做法靈活，根據(jù)需要，每間平身科多少不一，疏密不一，栱長不一，甚至為了彌補視覺上的空缺感，將廂栱、萬栱、瓜栱加長，使同一建筑物相鄰兩間斗栱的栱長不一，同一柱頭科兩邊栱長懸殊，這是孔廟建筑的獨特做法。
孔廟保存漢代以來歷代碑刻1044塊，有封建皇帝追謚、加封、祭祀孔子和修 建孔廟的記錄，也有帝王將相、文人學士謁廟的詩文題記，文字有漢文、蒙文、八思巴文、滿文，書體有真草隸篆，是研究封建社會政治;經(jīng)濟、文化、藝術(shù)的珍貴史料。碑刻中有漢碑和漢代刻字二十余塊，是中國保存漢代碑刻最多的地方。乙瑛碑、禮器碑、孔器碑、史晨碑是漢隸的代表作，張猛龍碑、賈使君碑是魏體的楷模。此外還有孫師范、米芾、黨懷英、趙孟 、張起巖、李東陽、董其昌、翁方鋼等人的法書，元好問、郭子敬等人的題名，孔繼涑五百八十四石的大型書法叢帖玉虹樓法帖等?？讖R碑刻是中國古代書法藝術(shù)的寶庫。
孔廟著名的石刻藝術(shù)品有漢畫像石、明清雕鐫石柱和明刻圣跡圖等。漢畫像石有90余塊，題材豐富廣泛，既有人們社會生活的記錄，也有歷史故事、神話傳說的反映。雕刻技法多樣，有線刻、有浮雕，線刻有減地，有剔地，有素地，有線地;浮雕有深有淺，有光面，有糙面。風格或嚴謹精細，或豪放粗獷，線條流暢，造型優(yōu)美。明清雕鎊石柱共七十四根，其中減地平鐫五十六根，高浮雕十八根。減地平鐫圖案多為小幅云龍、鳳凰牡丹，清雍正七年刻，崇圣祠刻牡丹、石榴、荷花等花卉，構(gòu)圖優(yōu)美，是明弘治十七年的遺物。石雕的精品是浮雕龍柱;大成毆前檐十柱，每柱高達六米，最為高大，崇圣祠二柱龍姿矯健，云形活潑，水平最高。另外圣時門、大成門、大成殿的淺浮雕云龍石陛也有很高的藝術(shù)價值。圣跡因為明萬歷二十年(1592年)據(jù)孔廟宋金木刻增補而成，由曲阜儒學生員毛鳳翼匯校、揚州楊芝作畫、蘇州石工章草上石，共一百二十幅，形象地反映了孔子一生的行跡，是我國較早的大型連環(huán)畫之一，具有很高的歷史價值和藝術(shù)價值。兩千多年來，曲阜孔廟旋毀旋修，從未廢棄，在國家的保護下，由孔于的一座私人住宅發(fā)展成為規(guī)模形制與帝王宮殿相埒的龐大建筑群，延時之久，記載之豐，可以說是人類建筑史上的孤例。
孔林又稱“至圣林”，位于曲阜城北1公里，是孔子及其后裔的家族墓地，前后延續(xù)使用了約2520xx年，共計有孔氏子孫墓十余萬座。孔林占地約2平方公里，林門以長達1266米的神道與北城門相連，神道平直如矢，兩側(cè)檜柏夾侍，莊嚴肅穆。進入大林門，高大的圍墻將大林門與二林門之間圍成一個封閉的縱深空間，挺拔的檜柏，夾峙的紅墻間辟出一條狹長的甫道，將人的視線引向高聳的二門城樓。過二林門，古木森森—，芳草如茵，流水潺潺，竟是一片天然野趣，使人精神為之一爽。折而向西，過洙水橋;沿軸線前行，登墓門，穿甬道，過享殿，入墓園，一代偉人長眠在抔土之中。使人倍感親切，低回徘徊，不忍離去?？琢置娣e200萬平方米，林內(nèi)墓冢累累，碑碣如林，石儀成群，古木參天。有孔子以來歷代子孫墓葬十余萬座，除漢碑移入孔廟外，地面上還有宋、金、元、明、清、民國等時代墓碑和謁陵題記刻石等4000余塊，保存著宋、明、清各代石人、石馬、石羊、石獅、望柱、供桌和神道坊等石儀近千件。為表彰儒家思想、滿足祭祀需要，還建有門、坊、享殿、碑亭等六十余座明清建筑?？琢致裨峥鬃娱L孫已至第七十六代，旁系子孫已至七十八代，從周至今，全無間斷。延續(xù)時間之久，墓葬數(shù)量之多，保存之完好，做為一個家族墓地，在世界上是沒有先例的，它是儒家思想在漫長的中國封建社會里所居統(tǒng)治地位的產(chǎn)物?？琢重S富的地上文物，對于研究我國墓葬制度的沿革，對于研究我國古代政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、風俗、書法、藝術(shù)等都具有很高的價值。
孔府又稱“衍圣公府”，位于曲阜東華門大街1號孔廟的東側(cè)，是孔子嫡長孫居住的府第?？赘冀ㄓ谒谓饡r期(公元12～13世紀)，明洪武十年(公元1377年)建府于今址。孔府是典型的封建貴族地主莊園，占地面積約4.9萬平方米，有各類樓房廳堂共480余間?？赘强鬃拥諏O的官署，孔子嫡孫一向以“禮門義路家規(guī)矩”相標榜，格守詩禮傳家的祖訓;建筑也受到儒家禮儀的制約，留下儒家宗法制度與倫理觀念的烙印?？赘赜弥袊鴤鹘y(tǒng)的前堂后寢制度，前堂部分有官衙、東學、西學，供處理公務、會客之用，是對外活動的場所，后寢部分有內(nèi)宅、花廳、一貫堂、是家族生活的場所。建筑功能分區(qū)明確、排列井然有序。建筑群設(shè)計遵循禮教與宗法原則，把一系列使用功能不同的建筑物有主次、有次序地進行排列。建筑群中貫軸線，左右對稱，成三路布局。中路為孔氏宗子衍圣公所后，東路一貫堂為次子所居，居中為尊。體現(xiàn)了宗子的尊貴地位和宗子與非宗子等級與地位的差別。中路官衙、內(nèi)宅界限分明，體現(xiàn)了男女授受不親，內(nèi)處有別。軸線上。正房與廂房，中門與邊門，體現(xiàn)了主人與下人的尊卑差別。建筑物的名字也打著儒家思想的印記，“一貫堂”、“忠恕堂”、“安懷堂”等既贊揚孔子的忠怨思想和使人安樂的政治理想，又顯示孔子嫡孫努力仿效的決心，“東學”、“西學”，既贊揚孔子創(chuàng)學設(shè)教的功績，又表明孔子嫡孫繼承詩禮傳家、好學重教傳統(tǒng)的態(tài)度。
孔廟、孔林、孔府建筑群凝聚了歷代建筑的精華，極具建筑藝術(shù)之美。同時在建筑的布局、規(guī)劃和裝飾等方面，也反映出的儒家思想的精髓。它們不僅是名聞天下、內(nèi)涵豐富的文化類遺產(chǎn)，同時還擁有大量有價值的自然遺產(chǎn)?！叭住眱?nèi)生長的17000余株古樹名木不僅見證了“三孔”的發(fā)展歷史，同時也是研究古代物候?qū)W、氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學的寶貴素材。
曲阜三孔導游詞篇五
天貺殿后面是后寢三宮，中為正寢宮，面闊五間，兩邊為配寢宮，各三間，宋真宗大中祥符五年(公元1020xx年)詔封泰山神為“天齊仁圣帝”后，考慮到還缺個皇后，便于同年封了一個“淑明后”，并為“她”修建了后宮，從“嬪妃”則居住配寢宮。封建統(tǒng)治者為了達到“借神安民”的目的，真可謂“用心良苦，處心積慮了”。
天貺殿兩側(cè)為東西碑廊，各種碑碣漢畫像石琳瑯滿目，泰山歷代碑刻精品大都集中在這里。這些碑刻幾乎集中國書法之大成，上追晉代“二王”，下承宋朝“四大家”，真草隸篆，體例俱全;顏柳歐趙，風格各異，其中有七大漢碑的《衡方碑》、《張遷碑》;晉代三大豐碑之一的《孫夫人碑》;造形新穎，書法相異的《雙束碑》;泰山佛教記事名碑《大唐齊州神寶寺碑》等共19塊，均具有很高的歷史文物價值和書法藝術(shù)價值。
西側(cè)廊內(nèi)陳列的48塊漢畫像石是自1960年以來，幾次清理大汶口和舊縣東的漢畫像石墓而集。這些漢畫像石，內(nèi)容豐富，取材廣泛，有的反映車馬出行、樂舞百戲等社會生活;有的描述神話故事;也有反映歷史人物的，畫面圖案工整，造型生動，在雕刻技法上，把中國傳統(tǒng)的畫技同線刻、浮雕揉合一體，體現(xiàn)出古拙質(zhì)樸、雄健壯美的特點，是研究中國古代文化藝術(shù)和東漢社會生活的重要實物資料。
出碑廊，過炳靈門，是“漢柏院”。院內(nèi)原有“炳靈殿”，毀于民國年間。院中五棵高大的古柏，枝椏交錯，若虬龍蟠旋，相傳為漢武帝于元封元年(公元前120xx年)封禪泰山時所植，距今已有兩千多年，“漢柏院”由此得名。
院北的“漢碑亭”是1959年在炳靈殿故址上修建的，亭子建立在三層石砌的高大臺基上，十分壯觀。臺基壁上鑲嵌乾隆五十九年(公元1749年)泰安知縣何人鱗所書杜甫的《望?gt;>和《秋興》等名人詩刻。登上亭子極目四望，天光云影，心寬臆闊，岱廟全景，泰城全貌盡收眼底。
漢柏院內(nèi)碑碣林立，約計90余塊。其中有后人隸書的東漢張衡的《四愁詩》、曹植的《飛友篇》，有后人篆書陸機的《泰山吟》、謝靈運的《泰山吟》以及宋朝大書法家米芾《第一山》、明崇禎年間陳昌言、左佩鉉題篆的《漢柏圖贊》、乾隆皇帝御制的《漢柏圖》和當代眾多名人留下的墨跡。置身于碑林之中就象讀了一部中國的歷史，接受民族的熏陶，，會給每一個嚴肅的觀賞都留下不盡的思索。
由漢柏院向北行，穿過幽靜的小花園進入一個小巧玲瓏的四合院。這里是古帝王祭祀泰山時居住的地方，因座落在東華門內(nèi)，故稱“東御座”。其建筑為元至正七年(公元1347年)所建，明代稱迎賓堂，乾隆三十五年(公元1770年)改稱駐蹕亭。東御座由長城花門、儀門、大門、正殿和廂房組成，院內(nèi)建筑精美，綠樹掩映，清靜幽雅，給人以超世絕塵之感。五間正殿高筑臺基之上，殿內(nèi)按清宮設(shè)置作復原陳列，有乾隆帝臘人座像，有龍墩、龍椅、立柜、方桌等紫檀家具及各種大理石花紋飾和金絲銹古器型的掛屏以及文房四寶。著名的“溫涼玉雕花圭”、“沉香獅子”和“黃地蘭花瓷葫蘆”是乾隆二十七年、三十六年朝拜泰山時的供品，并稱泰山“鎮(zhèn)山三寶”。大門和殿堂里身著清代古裝的“衛(wèi)士”、“宮女”以清庭禮儀迎接游客，使游人仿佛回到遠古的時代，浮想聯(lián)翩。
殿堂臺基下立一石碑，用玻璃護罩，這就是馳名中外的“名山刻石之祖”秦刻石。《泰山秦刻石》鐫刻秦始皇功德銘和秦二世詔書，為丞相李斯書寫。他以簡練秀雅的小篆代替了當時筆畫繁贅的大篆，字跡剛勁挺拔，一掃眾家肥呆之氣，碑文共222字，后漸泯滅，明嘉靖年間還尚存29字，原立在岱頂玉女池旁，后經(jīng)滄桑沉淪，幾次失而復得，今唯剩10個殘字，完整者七?？胺Q稀世之寶，被列為國家一級文物。
出寢宮向北，為岱廟的最后一進院落。東西兩座花園內(nèi)各種盆景千姿百態(tài)，藝術(shù)地再現(xiàn)了泰山的一景一物，奇花異草。西南方西臺上的鐵塔鑄于明嘉靖十二年(公元1533年)，原為13級，現(xiàn)僅存3級，造型質(zhì)樸，仍不失當年風采，與鐵塔對峙的東南方臺基上的銅亭，又稱“金闕”，為全銅鑄造，仿木結(jié)構(gòu)，高4.4米，闊3.4，明萬歷四十三年(公元1620xx年)鑄于岱頂碧霞祠，為供奉碧霞元君而建。明末清初移于山下靈應宮，1972年遷入岱廟，是目前國內(nèi)僅存的三大銅亭之一。
“厚載門”是岱廟的最后一道門，是1984年重建的。門上有“望岳閣”三間，黃瓦明廊，紅柱隔扇，猶如空中瓊閣。站在閣上仰望岱岳雄姿，青山繞白云，綠樹生輕煙，天門云梯宛若游龍浮掛天邊。
出厚載門北行為紅門路，過岱宗大街不遠即到登山之起點，泰山的山門——岱宗坊，由此起步，將步步登高，飽覽泰山的最佳風景，直至登“天”
曲阜三孔導游詞篇六
before i came to qufu, many of my friends may have known a lot about qufuand confucius, but some of them didn't know much about them. now, before i enterthe scenic spots, i'd like to briefly introduce qufu and confucius.
qufu is located in the southwest of shandong province, china. there are620000 people in qufu, including an urban population of 100000 and an area of890 square kilometers. the word "qufu" first appeared in erya. ying shaoexplained in the eastern han dynasty that there was a fu in the city of lu, andweiqu was seven or eight li long, so it was named "qufu". in 1012, the fifthyear of dazhongxiangfu, emperor zhenzong of the song dynasty, in order tocommemorate the birth of xuanyuan yellow emperor, the ancestor of the chinesenation, in qufu, he once changed his name to xianyuan county. in 1129, emperortaizong of the jin dynasty renamed qufu, which is still in use today. qufu is asmall city. however, qufu is also an ancient city with 5000 years ofcivilization and culture. in this sacred and ancient land, there are four peopleleft traces of the three emperors and five emperors in ancient chinese ing to historical records, emperor century and other historical records,"the yellow emperor was born in shouqiu", "shaohao ascended the throne from thepoor sang, called qufu as the capital, and was buried in yunyang mountain". now,eight miles east of qufu, there is still a pyramid tomb, shaohao is a chinese saying that "people go to the top, water flows to thebottom". can we understand that our ancestors of the chinese nation migratedfrom here, from the middle and lower reaches of the yellow river to the centralplains, to the loess plateau, while our mother's rivers, the yellow river andthe yangtze river, galloped down from the loess plateau, and finally flowed intothe sea in fact, most of the sages in jiangbei came from qufu. in the feudaltimes of china, there were six saints granted by the emperor. they wereconfucius, mencius, fushengyanzi, shushengzisi, zongshengzengzi andyuanshengzhougong. the first four were born in qufu. the last two were disciplesof confucius and fiefdoms in qufu. zhougong was the king of the state of lu for33 generations, and shandong has been called lu since then. now there are manycultural relics in qufu, including 4 national cultural relics, 11 provincialrelics and more than 100 municipal relics. in 1982, qufu was announced by thestate council as one of the first batch of 24 historical and cultural cities inchina. in 1994, qufu's "three confucius" was officially listed as a worldcultural heritage by the united nations. because of its important contributionto oriental culture, many people call qufu one of the three holy cities in theworld: "oriental mecca". here, you have to ponder, but also can not helpfeeling, because here is deeply rooted in the chinese nation, deeply rooted intraditional chinese culture.
dear friends, in china, in the east, a land with a history of 5000 years ofcivilization, you may not understand the inscriptions on bronzes, or what thehuman head and animal body represent or symbolize. however, when you walk intothe life of the chinese people and walk on the ancient land where the chinesenation thrives and works to create, you can feel and touch the confucian culturein the daily life of the chinese people, and then you can experience thedifferences between the chinese people and other nationalities in their way oflife, customs and ideals. no matter from which angle or level you explore thepersonality and character of the chinese nation, it is not difficult to find thegene of confucian culture. in the long process of historical evolution,confucian culture has almost become the synonym of chinese traditional founder of confucian culture is confucius.
confucius was born in 551 b.c. and died in 479 b.c. at the age of 73. whenconfucius was 3 years old, his father uncle liang he died. when he was 16 yearsold, his mother yan zheng died. young confucius became an orphan and began hislife of making a living, studying and struggling alone in a hierarchical feudalsociety.
as a young man, confucius studied hard and asked questions frequently. inhis youth, he mastered the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial,calligraphy and mathematics, and then mastered the six classics of poetry,calligraphy, etiquette, music, changes and spring and autumn, which laid thefoundation for the establishment of confucian culture.
at the age of 30, confucius set up a school to teach students, and began along education career. he was the first to give private lectures in china, toface the public, and to advocate "education without discrimination". he becamethe first great educator in china and the world.
when confucius was 51 years old, he became a magistrate of zhongdu , he worked as a prime minister in lu. however, not long after that, heresigned and left the state of lu to begin his 14 year tour of othercountries.
when confucius returned to the state of lu at the age of 68, he devotedalmost all his energy to teaching and literature collation until his ius's life is a life of wandering and suffering, a life of hard work andencouragement, a life of spring breeze and rain, a life of cultivating talents,a life of writing books and writing stories, and a life of saving the , although his body has gone up in smoke and ashes, his thoughts havepenetrated into the hearts of every oriental. he has cast the personality andcharacter of the chinese nation. with the development of history and socialprogress, confucius will also guide mankind to stride into the 21st century.
there are many cultural relics and tourist attractions in qufu, most ofwhich are related to confucius and confucius culture. now we are located in thesouth gate of the ancient city of qufuming. to the north of the gate is theconfucius temple, which is known as one of the three ancient buildings in are four characters "wanren palace wall" above the gate. ren is an ancientunit of length, one ren is about 8 feet. it is said that some people praisedconfucius disciple zigong for his knowledge. after hearing that, zigong said,"human knowledge is like a palace wall. my knowledge is only as high as the topof the wall. people can see everything in the wall when they see it. butconfucius, my teacher, has several walls. if you don't find other doors, youcan't see the beauty of the temple and the variety of houses inside the wall.".in order to express their admiration for confucius, hu zuanzong in ming dynastywrote "wanren palace wall" on the city gate. in order to show his worship forconfucius, emperor qianlong in qing dynasty took down the stele and replaced itwith "wanren palace wall". this is the origin of "wanren palace wall".
confucius temple is a temple built by later generations to offer sacrificesto confucius. it was built in the second year after confucius died. with an areaof 327.5 mu, it imitates the imperial palace system. it is spanided into ninecourtyards and arranged symmetrically on the left and right. the whole buildingcomplex has 466 rooms, including five halls, one pavilion, one altar, twoverandas, two halls, 17 stele pavilions and 54 gate squares, with a length ofabout 1 km from north to south. confucius temple is the only isolated example inthe history of architecture in the world, which is magnificent, large in area,long in history and well preserved.
outside the east wall of the gate of confucius temple, there is a tabletsaying "officials and people wait to dismount here". in the past, any officialwho came here, military officials would dismount and civil officials woulddismount to show respect for confucius.
the first stone square of confucius temple is called "jin sheng yu zhensquare". mencius once had such a comment on confucius, he said: "confucius iscalled jidacheng, jidacheng, jinsheng and yuzhenzhi.". "jin sheng, yu zhen"refers to the whole process of playing music, which starts with striking thebell and ends with striking the rock. it refers to the great achievement ofconfucius' thought of gathering ancient sages and sages. on the lotus throneabove the stone square, there is a unicorn monster called "ward off evilspirits" or "roar from the sky". this is the only ornament that can be used inthe royal palace of feudal society.
the first gate of confucius temple is called "lingxing gate". "latticestar" is also known as tiantian star. the ancients worshipped heaven first."lingxingmen" was written by qianlong. "taihe yuanqi" square is similar to"jinsheng yuzhen" square. the inscription is written by zeng mian, governor ofshandong province in ming dynasty, praising confucius thought as heaven andearth produce all things. there is a waist gate in the east and west of thecourtyard, and it is written in the east that "demou is as big as heaven andearth, and his theory is the best in ancient and modern times.". this gate iscalled "shengshi gate". from here, we can feel profound and profound. the word"holy time" is taken from the sentence "confucius, the sage of the time" inmencius, which means that among the sages, confucius is the most suitable onefor the times.
when you cross the shengshi gate, you will face the small stone bridge,which is called bishui bridge. there are two gates on both sides of the bridgeto the south. the east gate is called "quick view gate", which means to seefirst. the west gate is called "yanggao gate", which praises confucius' profoundknowledge. when we enter the gate, we call it "hongdao gate". these three wordsare taken from the sentence "people can promote taoism" in the analects ofconfucius. weixing gong, in order to praise confucius for expounding the "tao"of yao, shun, tang and wenwu. this gate is also the gate of confucius temple in1377. then there is "dazhongmen". dazhongmen is the gate of confucius temple insong dynasty. its original name is "gonghemen". its meaning is related toconfucius' doctrine of the mean. looking south from this gate, we can see thehistorical evolution of confucius temple on the one hand, and the continuousexpansion of confucius temple on the other. these buildings include qing dynastybuildings, ming dynasty buildings and song dynasty buildings. they were built indifferent times the craftsmen are different, but they all cooperate with eachother and complement each other to form a whole. looking at the confucius templearchitecture, we can see part of the development history of chinese feudalsociety.
this monument was erected in 1468, the fourth year of chenghua in mingdynasty, so it is also called "chenghua monument". it was erected by zhujianshen, emperor xianzong of ming dynasty. the monument is 6 meters high and 2meters wide. this tablet is famous for its exquisite calligraphy, and itsinscription is written in the form of argumentation, which can be said to be themost highly respected of confucius. please look at the upper right corner. itsays: "only the way of confucius can not be absent in one day when there is aworld." it also says: "the way of confucius is in the world, like cloth, silk,millet and shu, and people's daily use can not be absent.". the animal under themonument is not a tortoise. it's called _ 屭. it's the son of the dragon. it canbear heavy loads, so it's used to carry the monument. there's a saying that "adragon has nine sons, but not a dragon". in the confucius temple, you can seethe dragon and his nine sons. local people often come here to touch _ 屭. theysay: "touch _ 屭's head, never worry, touch _ 屭, never get sick.".
the wooden structure in front of us is called "kuiwen pavilion", which usedto be the library of confucius temple. "kuixing" is one of the twenty-eightconstellations, with sixteen stars, "buckled and hooked, like a painting ofwords". later, people evolved it into the head of civil servants. the feudalemperors compared confucius to the kuixing star in the sky, so confucius wasalso known as "civil servants of all ages". the pavilion is 23.35 meters high,30.1 meters wide and 17.62 meters deep, with triple cornices and four layers ofbrackets. its structure is solid and reasonable. during the reign of emperorkangxi, there was a big earthquake in qufu, where "nine houses in the worldexist, one in the world exists". however, kuiwen pavilion stands upright andsafe, which shows the wisdom and superb architectural art of the ancient workingpeople in china.
we are now entering the sixth courtyard of the confucius temple. in frontof you are 13 stele pavilions, 8 in the south and 5 in the north. there are 55stone tablets of tang, song, yuan, ming and qing dynasties in the pavilion. mostof the inscriptions are in chinese, ba si ba and manchu. the stone tablet in themiddle of this row, weighing about 65 tons, was collected from xishan mountainin beijing. at that time, it was a miracle to transport such a weight stonetablet from thousands of miles away to qufu. there is one gate in the east andone gate in the west of the courtyard, which is the third waist gate of theconfucius temple.
now we enter dachengmen. dachengmen refers to dachengmen in the are five gates in this row. the most western gate is qishengmen, which isdedicated to confucius' parents. dachengmen in the middle road is supplementedby jinshengmen and yuzhenmen. the middle road is the most central place ofconfucius temple, and chengshengmen in the east, which was confucius' formerresidence.
as we all know, confucius is a great thinker, educator and statesman. inour opinion, confucius is first of all an educator. he is the first teacher inchina. the feudal emperor named him "the most sage and the first teacher" and"the model of all ages". it should be said that he is a teacher of all mankindand is worthy of the name of "engineer of human soul". the "apricot altar" infront of us is said to be the place where confucius set up the altar to givelectures, and the pavilion was built in the jin dynasty to commemorate it. thefamous scholar dang huaiying wrote the word "apricot altar". there is an apricottree beside the altar, planted by later generations. in early spring, redflowers bloom and green leaves sway. therefore, when emperor qianlong came topay homage, he once wrote a poem praising it. the poem said: when the rice wasin full bloom again, how could it be that there were many flowers in the world,and the civilization was prosperous all the time.
the main hall standing in front of us is the world-famous "dacheng hall".it is one of the "three main halls" in china. it is as famous as the "taihehall" in the forbidden city of beijing and the "tianfu hall" in the dai templeof mount tai. the hall is 24.8 meters high, 45.78 meters wide and 24.8 metersdeep, with carved beams and painted buildings. the golden wall is brilliant,especially the 28 stone pillars around it. they are all world culturaltreasures. they are all carved with whole stones. the front 10 are deep reliefs,with two dragons playing with pearls on each pillar. they are coiled and rising,lifelike, powerful and varied. in the past, when the emperor came, he wrappedthe pillar in yellow cloth. if they see it, they will be ashamed. there are 72dragons in each column, a total of 1296. in the dacheng hall, there are fourstatues of confucius on both sides. the east and west are fusheng yanhui,shusheng kongji, and the west is zongsheng zengshen and yasheng mencius. another12. every year, on september 26 and 28, we hold a grand international confuciusculture festival and a ceremony to commemorate the birth of confucius, performlarge-scale music and dance for confucius and "xiao shao music and dance", andhold a variety of cultural and tourism activities. welcome to our time.
曲阜三孔導游詞篇七
dear guests
hello! entrusted by the tourism and reception departments, i would like toextend a warm welcome to all the guests visiting qufu, a famous city. i am veryglad to be accompanied by a tour guide. this is a good opportunity for us toenjoy and study together. please leave your valuable comments after reading.
first of all, i would like to briefly introduce the history and culturalrelics of qufu.
qufu, a famous historical and cultural city, is the hometown of confucius,a great thinker, educator, politician, literature arranger and sage of the worldin ancient china, the hometown of mencius, the birthplace of xuanyuan yellowemperor, the ancestor of the chinese nation, the capital of yan emperor, thehometown of shang and yin, and the capital of lu. four of the three emperors andfive emperors lived and worked here for more than 5000 years. there are abundanttreasures underground and numerous cultural relics on the ground. at present,there are 112 cultural relics, including un protected units, 3 world culturalheritage sites, 4 national protected sites, 12 provincial protected sites, andothers protected at prefecture level.
the most important ones are "three confucius, two temples and onemausoleum", "three mountains, two forests and one temple". confucius temple,confucius mansion and confucius forest are commonly known as "three confucius".there are temples dedicated to zhou gong, the sage of the yuan dynasty in china,and temples dedicated to fusheng yanhui, the first disciple of confucius, whichare commonly known as "two temples"; yiling is shaohao mausoleum in shouqiu, thebirthplace of yellow emperor; sanshan; and jiuxian mountain (also known asjiushan), the birthplace of confucius. the second forest is: mengmulin, the bestmother to educate children in the world, lianggonglin, the burial place ofconfucius' parents; "yisi" is the place where li bai and du fu wrote poems,answered correctly and parted. the famous scholar kong shangren lived inseclusion in shimen temple, the national garden.
now let's look at the confucius temple.
confucius temple, also known as zhisheng temple, is a place for offeringsacrifices to confucius and his wife qi guan and 72 sages. together with theforbidden city in beijing and chengde summer resort in hebei, confucius templeis known as china's three major ancient architectural complexes. experts saidfour words to confucius temple: the oldest, the most grand, the most completepreservation, and the most prominent oriental architectural features. twoproblems can be seen from the confucius temple: one is the great contribution ofconfucius to china and even the oriental culture; the other is that china hascraftsmen in history.
confucius temple was built in 478 bc, the year after confucius died. in theformer residence of confucius, three temples were built to display confucius'clothes, cars, books and so on. the confucius temple was expanded by emperors ofall dynasties, including 15 major repairs, 31 medium repairs and hundreds ofminor repairs, reaching the present scale. the confucius temple imitates theimperial palace. it is spanided into three layout, nine courtyards. it has 466houses and 54 gates and pavilions. it runs through a central axis from east towest. there are nearly one thousand steles, covering an area of 327.5 mu, whichis two li and 150 meters long. the confucius temple we see now is the scale ofthe hongzhi period of the ming dynasty. after liberation, the state allocatedfunds for maintenance and protection for many times. the first batch of nationalkey cultural relic protection units announced by china were listed as worldcultural heritage in december 1994, and became cultural relic units protected bythe united nations. confucius temple has been built for a long time, has a largescale, and is completely preserved, which is rare in the world.
shinto. "wanren palace wall" before the ancient cypress vigorous thissection of the road is "shinto". in front of important temples, there is aspecial way of respecting and understanding, which is called "shinto".
wanren palace wall. this gate is the south gate of ming city in qufu, andit is also the first gate of confucius temple. it is hung with the fourcharacters of "wanren palace wall", which was written by emperor qianlong ofqing dynasty. it comes from zi gong, the proud disciple of confucius. at themeeting of the state of lu, it was proposed that zigong's knowledge was broadand profound, which could be compared with confucius. zigong stood upimmediately and said, i dare not compare with my teacher confucius. humanknowledge is like a wall. my wall is only one ren high, and my teacher's wall isseveral ren high. that is to say, my knowledge is equal to a shoulder high,clear at a glance, nothing profound; confucius' knowledge is several times asmuch as mine, after detailed research, comprehensive discussion, we canunderstand all of him, after entering the door, we can see the beauty of thetemple, you can't see it outside the door. in order to describe confucius'profound knowledge, later generations changed from the master's wall to "hundredren" and "thousand ren" to the emperor of ming dynasty who granted confucius thetitle of "civil servant in the world, imperial teacher of all dynasties", andpraised confucius' knowledge as "ten thousand ren". looking up, we can't see thetop. it also said that the wall was very solid. these four words were originallywritten by the imperial envoy of ming dynasty. in order to show that he attachedgreat importance to confucius, qianlong replaced his imperial pen with hispersonal letter "wanren palace wall".
jin sheng yu zhen fang. this workshop was built in ming dynasty to expressconfucius' exquisite and perfect knowledge, just like the whole process ofplaying music, which is complete from beginning to end. ancient music beginswith the ringing of a bell, which starts with the sound of "the beginning oforder" and ends with the striking of a chime. the sound of "jade vibration" isthe sound of the falling of the chime, which is called "the end of order".praising confucius' knowledge is a great achievement of the sages and sages, soit is called "the sound of gold and the sound of jade vibration". the sound of"golden sound" is the sound of the bell, which starts with the sound of "jadevibration" and ends with the sound of the chime. this is also the source of theidiom "start and finish". "jin sheng yu zhen" was written by hu zuanzong, agreat calligrapher in ming dynasty.
"two cypresses bear one hole". there is an ancient cypress in the east andwest of the single hole stone arch bridge passing yuzhenfang, so it is called"two cypresses bear one hole". this bridge is called "panshui bridge", which isconnected with the water in the pan pool beside the palace, so it is called "panwater". in the past, when i read the book of confucius and mencius, i wasadmitted to higher education, which is called "entering hope". officials hope tobe promoted, do business, hope to get rich, and live a prosperous life.
dismount monument. outside the temple wall, there are two stone tablets,the xiama tablet and xiajiao tablet, which were set up in 1191 ad. the stele inthe west had been destroyed, and the stele in the east said, "officials andpeople wait to get off here.". in the past, civil and military officials andcommon people passed by, dismounted and walked on foot to show respect forconfucius and confucius temple.
lattice star gate. it was built in the ming dynasty and rebuilt in 1754 was made of wood instead of iron and stone. "lingxingmen" was written byemperor qianlong. it is said that there are twenty-eight constellations in thesky. among them, there is a star in charge of culture called "lingxing", alsoknown as "wenqu star" and "tianzhenxing". it connects confucius with the star incharge of culture in the sky and says that he is the highest in culture. forexample, in the past, when worshiping heaven, we should first worship "wenqustar". there is a saying that respecting confucius is like respectingheaven.
taihe yuanqi square. this workshop was built in 1544 a.d. in the mingdynasty. it highly praises confucius's idea that "the space universe can nurtureall things.". "the harmony of heaven and earth, the harmony of the four sides,the harmony of yin and yang" is the most basic thing, the harmony of theuniverse and the vitality of the human world. "taihe yuanqi" is written by zengmian, governor of shandong province.
the most holy temple. the "zhisheng temple square" built in the mingdynasty is made of white marble, decorated with flame jewels.
the world of moral mou, the road crown ancient and modern. the east andwest of the taoist temple are lined with a very strange memorial nded by wooden corner edges, there are a thousand heads and ten thousandcontinuations. there are eight monsters under it, which are called "heavendragon and god lion". it is said that it is dignified and inspired, which candrive away evil and uphold justice. in the eastern memorial archway, it waswritten: "demou heaven and earth", saying that the benefits of confucius' ideasto human beings are as high as heaven and earth, and the merits and virtues canbe compared with heaven and earth. the memorial archway in the west reads"daoguan ancient and modern", praising confucius' thoughts and methods, whichare the highest in the world.
holy time gate. the three gates are parallel, the four platforms are thesame as above, and the central panlong. the name of this gate comes frommencius. for the four ancient sages, boyi, yiyin, liuxiahui and confucius,mencius summed up the four saints' holy deeds into four sentences: boyi is thesage of the qing dynasty, yiyin is the sage of the appointed, liuxiahui is thesage of the sum, and confucius is the sage of the time. "shengshi" highlypraises confucius' thought, advocates enduring, and is a sage suitable for thetimes. when the emperor came to qufu to court confucius, he had to kneel downthree times and knock nine times, and walk through the gate of holy time. whenyan shenggong was born, he opened the gate of holy time. all go fast, the gateis high.
let's have a quick look at the gate. that is to say, confucius' knowledgeof "five classics and four books" means that those who learn first have culturefirst, and those who learn first have knowledge first. they compete to learn,and it is a pleasure to see first and read first.
look up at the door. it was named after yan hui's praise of confucius. yanhui said that the teacher's way is to raise the top and drill the bottom. praiseconfucius for his lack of knowledge, which is called "mi gao". it is difficultto understand classical chinese, which is called "mi jian". gao is notunattainable, but can be learned through hard work. yan hui said, "the masterfollowed the rules and was good at attracting people. he learned from me inwriting and said that i was polite." my teacher is good at persuasion, teachingme culture and courtesy.
han stone man. in the pavilion of yanggaomenli, there are two han stonepeople with high historical value. one is the "pavilion leader" (a localofficial of han dynasty), and the other is the pawn of the palace gate. they areall guards in front of the tomb of the king of lu. the stone man is valued bythe ancient scholars of epigraphy, which is of great value to the study of handynasty clothing and writing.
jinshui bridge, this bridge, with the same name as the bridge in front ofthe forbidden city, is also called jinshui bridge, also known as bishui bridge,with three holes arranged in a row and green water rippling.
hongdaomen. crossing jinshuiqiao is the "hongdaomen" appointed by theemperor of ming dynasty, which means "people can promote taoism, not taoism" inthe analects of confucius. confucius is an ordinary literati, why become asaint? praise confucius summed up the experience of sages, especially carryforward the yao, shun, yu tang, civil and military zhou gong's way. "to say thatpeople can command and create everything is to praise people's subjectiveinitiative." there are two stone tablets under the hongdao gate. the four edgedstone tablet in the east is the "history of qufu", which records the history ofqufu's evolution. it was established in the yuan dynasty and has high historicalvalue. in the west is the "epitaph of mr. chushi", which has high calligraphyvalue.
big middle gate. dazhongmen is the gate of confucius temple in songdynasty. it is called "zhonghe gate", which means that problems can be solvedeasily with confucius' thoughts. in the ming dynasty, the temple was renamed as"the great gate of the middle", praising confucius' knowledge as a collection ofhuman knowledge. in the middle, it means "the right way of the world in themiddle, the theorem of the world in the middle". those who leave the middle arenot the right way, but the evil way. that is to say, no left, no right, fair andjust, forward is the mean. there are two turrets at the east and west ends ofdazhong gate, which are used to guard the confucius temple.
tongwenmen, four famous brands, confucian temple. there are four monumentsin the middle gate. the tablet of hongzhi in the west of the ming dynasty talksabout the ethics of the cardinal principles. on the right side of the hongzhimonument is the "confucian temple map" drawn by li dongyang, a talented man ofthe ming dynasty in changsha, hunan province, which is of high value.
chenghua stele was erected by zhu jianshen, the emperor of chenghua in mingdynasty. there are two situations that have attracted the attention ofcelebrities of all ages. first, chenghua tablet's regular script is wellwritten, standardized, exquisite and attractive; the second is the highestevaluation of confucius. emperors of all dynasties have commented on highest evaluation is emperor chenghua. he compares confucius' ideas andmethods to eating, dressing and spending money. one day is inseparable fromthem. with confucius' principles and methods, one can make the best use of one'stalents, materials and land. otherwise, it will be a mess. it is said that ifthere is confucius' way, there will be a world. if there is no confucius' way,there will be no world. if there is anti confucius' way, there will be no as the inscription said: "i only have confucius's way, the world can not bewithout yan, there is confucius's way, then the principle of justice and ethics,everything has its own place..., confucius's way in the world, such as cloth sushu, people's livelihood daily use can not be short of,... born confuciusvertical for the holy, life's safety, benevolence and righteousness in theright, the rise of the teacher's way, from travel 3000, to the holy is thenext."
tongwenmen. the meaning of the word "human heart" is the same as that ofthe text. that is to say, only with concerted efforts and unity can we do a goodjob; the writing should be unified, only with unified writing can we record theexperience of historical communication, and random writing will lead toconfusion. tongwen gate is an important barrier in front of kuiwen pavilion.
kuiwen pavilion, originally a library, is a place for collecting booksgranted by the emperor. it was built in the second year of emperor tianxi ofsong dynasty (a.d. 1018), and was changed into "kuiwenge" when jin zhangzongrebuilt it. this unique and majestic building is entirely of wood structure,which is an isolated example in the construction of china building. afterseveral earthquakes, kuiwenge was not destroyed. in the earthquake of kangxi 5years in qing dynasty, "nine out of ten houses fell, one out of ten remained,and kuiwenge remained motionless.". li dongyang, the minister of the ministry ofofficial in ming dynasty, wrote "kuiwenge fu", praising the architecturalresearch value of kuiwenge. it's the stele at the east end of the corridor.
in front of the pavilion, the eastern and western courtyards are called"zhaisu", which is a place for worshippers to fast and bathe. dongyuan is theresidence of yan shenggong, where kangxi and qianlong spent their time to west courtyard is the shelter of the sacrificial staff. kong zhaoxun, theseventy-one generation grandson of confucius, inlaid more than 130 steles in thetemple for worshiping confucius in the song, yuan, ming and qing dynasties onthe wall of the courtyard, so xizhaisu is also known as the stele courtyard.
thirteen stele pavilions. this is the sixth courtyard of the confuciustemple. there are 55 steles in the pavilion, which were erected in tang, song,jin, yuan, ming and qing dynasties. the contents of the steles are the emperors,imperial envoys' worship of confucius, the posthumous title and evaluation ofconfucius. the records of the previous construction of the confucius temple arewritten in han, manchu, mongolian and basiba languages. eight in the south andfive in the north, so it is called thirteen stele pavilions. because they areall steles approved by the emperor, they are also called imperial stelepavilions. the third and sixth pavilions in the front row from the east werebuilt in the jin dynasty and are rare buildings in china. all the steles arecalled "imperial steles". "mian" is the mascot. it is said that the dragon kinghas nine sons, and it is the eighth son. it loves "wen" and is good at carryingheavy loads. the stone tablet has heavy characters, which is suitable for itscharacteristics. the image should be the dragon head, turtle body, eagle leg andsnake tail.
from the east to the north, the third pavilion is a monument erected byemperor kangxi. beijing xishan stone by the grand canal, economic south andtransported here. experts calculate that the monument weighs 130000 jin. it wassplashed with water and frozen along the way from jining. sometimes it came overon the ice and only went to the land of lying cattle one day. qufu originallyhad good stones, which should be transported from beijing to show the emperor'sattention to confucius. there are two steles in the southeast and southwest ofthe courtyard, all of which are the records of the princes and ministers whobuilt temples and worshipped confucius. the calligraphy value is very high.
there is one gate in the east and one in the west, yucui gate in the eastand guande gate in the west. commonly known as donghuamen, xihuamen.
from here, the confucius temple is spanided into three routes. the fivegates are dacheng gate, jinsheng gate on the left, yuzhen gate on the right,qisheng gate on the west and chengsheng gate on the east. the architecturalstructure of dachengmen is "intertwined, intriguing". the center is inserted as"hook center", and the top of the left and right four corners is "bucket angle".the three characters of dachengmen were written by emperor yongzheng. praiseconfucius is a collection of sages and sages, reached the supreme realm.
the first teacher planted juniper by hand. the tall and vigorous cypresstree on the left of dacheng gate was planted by confucius. according to records:confucius cut three cypress trees here. in the second year of jin zhenyou (a.d.1214), they were destroyed by fire. the trees withered and sprouted newbranches. there were "three withers and three glories", and there was a sayingthat "cypress trees were flourishing every day.". during the wanli period of theming dynasty, yang guangxun, a gifted scholar, wrote five characters: "the firstteacher planted cypress by hand.".
two long corridors. on both sides of the two equal rows of houses, a totalof 80, known as the "east and west veranda", is dedicated to 72 sages. confuciusis known as a disciple of three thousand, 72 people who are proficient in sixarts, literature and martial arts, worshipped in the east and west. all theemperors of the past dynasties were entitled to the sages. such as dongzhongshu, han yu, wang mingyang, zhuge liang, kou zhun, yue fei and so on. bythe time of the republic of china, there were 156. the last sage is mr. liangqichao. the original statues and tablets were changed to wooden wu now displays a collection of zhonggui stone carvings before the songdynasty. the most precious national treasures of zhou gongxunzi and batpracticing medicine are 22 stone inscriptions of han and wei dynasties. the"ritual stele", "yiying stele", "shichen stele", "zhang menglong stele" and "mifu stele" with extremely high calligraphy value are rare treasures. there aremore than 100 pieces of "han dynasty stone carvings" on display in xiwu. theyare all well-known art treasures and precious materials for the study of han,wei and other historical and social life. there are 584 stone inscriptions ondisplay at the north end of the east veranda, which are the yuhonglou sutraswritten by kong jisu, the 69 generation grandson of confucius.
apricot altar. it was built in memory of confucius' lecture. confucius wasteaching to his disciples on the platform under the big apricot tree. in 1018a.d. of song dynasty, confucius had 45 generations
曲阜三孔導游詞篇八
尊敬的各位來賓：
你們好!我受旅游、接待部門的委托，對光臨名城曲阜參觀游覽的各位佳賓表示熱烈地歡迎。我有幸為大家導游陪同參觀，非常高興，這是咱們共同頎賞學習的好機會?？春笳埩粝聦氋F意見。
首先，向大家簡要介紹一下曲阜的歷史、文物概況。
歷史文化名城曲阜是我國古代偉大的思想家、教育家、政治家、文獻整理家、世之圣人孔子的家鄉(xiāng)，亞圣孟子的故里，中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝的誕生地，炎帝的首都，商殷故國，魯國首都。三皇五帝有四位在這里生息勞作，有5000多年的歷史。地下有豐富的寶藏，地上有眾多的文物?，F(xiàn)有文物112處，其中有聯(lián)合國保護單位，世界文化遺產(chǎn)3處，全國保護的4處，省級12處，其他為地市級保護的。
重中之重有“三孔兩廟一陵”、“三山二林一寺”?？讖R、孔府、孔林，俗稱“三孔”，有祭祀中國元圣周公的廟宇，有祭祀孔子第一大弟子復圣顏回的廟，俗稱“兩廟”;“一陵”是黃帝誕生地--壽丘少昊陵;“三山”;孔子出生地尼山、漢墓群九龍山、小泰山--九仙山(又稱九山)。二林是：世界教育孩子最好的母親孟母林，孔子父母埋葬地梁公林;“一寺”是李白、杜甫作詩、答對、分手處，著名文人孔尚任隱居處國家園林“石門寺”。
我們現(xiàn)在看孔廟。
孔廟，又稱至圣廟，是祭祀孔子及其夫人亓官氏和七十二賢人的地方。孔廟同北京的故宮、河北承德市避暑山莊并稱中國的三大古建筑群。專家對孔廟講了四名話：建筑時間最久遠、最宏大、保存最完整、東方建筑特色最突出。從孔廟可看出兩個問題：一是孔子對中國乃至東方文化的巨大貢獻;二是中國在歷史上就有能工巧匠。
孔廟始建于公元前478年，孔子去世的第二年建廟。在孔子故居建廟堂三間，陳列孔子的衣、車、書等，“歲時奉祀”。歷代皇帝對孔廟都有擴建，計大修15次，中修31次，小修數(shù)百次達到現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模?？讖R仿皇宮建筑之制，分三路布局，九過院落，共有房屋466間，門亭54座，東西相對貫穿在一條中軸線上，有碑碣近千塊，占地327.5畝，長達兩華里又150公尺?，F(xiàn)在看到的孔廟是明弘治年間的規(guī)模。解放后國家多次撥款維修保護。我國首批公布的全國重點文物保護單位，1994年12月列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)，成為聯(lián)合國保護的文物單位，孔廟建筑時間之久遠，規(guī)模之宏大，保存之完整實屬世之罕見。
神道。“萬仞宮墻”前古柏蒼勁的這段路為“神道”。重要的廟宇前都有專開的尊敬靈通之道，稱“神道”。
萬仞宮墻。這道門是曲阜明城正南門，也是孔廟的第一道門，上懸“萬仞宮墻”四個大字，系清乾隆皇帝的御筆。它來源于孔子得意弟子子貢。魯國大會諸侯時，有人提出子貢的學問博大精深，可與孔子相提并論，子貢在場，馬上站起來說，我可不敢與俺老師孔子比，人的學問好比一堵墻，我這道墻只有一仞之高，俺老師的墻有數(shù)仞之多。就是說，我的學問等于一肩膀頭子高，一目了然沒什么深奧的;孔子的學問有我數(shù)倍之多，經(jīng)過詳細的研究，全面的探討，才能了解他的全部，入了門以后，才能看到宗廟之美，在門外頭你是看不到的。后人為了形容孔子的學問高深，從夫子之墻數(shù)仞，到“百仞”、“千仞”到明代皇帝封孔子為“天下文官主，歷代帝王師”，封孔子學問有“萬仞”，贊頌孔子學問有一萬個八尺，往上看，看不到頂，亦說此墻深壁高壘非常堅固。這四個字原為明欽差所寫，乾隆為表示他對孔子的重視，親書“萬仞宮墻”換上了他的御筆。
金聲玉振坊。此坊建于明代，為表達孔子學問精湛而完美，如同奏樂的全過程，自始至終完整無缺。古樂是以敲鐘開始，鐘起“始條理也”，是擊磬告終，“玉振”為磬落的聲音，稱“終條理也”，贊揚孔子的學問是集先賢先圣之大成，所以稱“金聲而玉振也”，“金聲”鐘的聲音，始，“玉振”磬的聲音，終。這也是辦事要“有始有終”成語的來源?！敖鹇曈裾瘛笔敲鞔髸液y宗題定的。
“二柏擔一孔”。過玉振坊這個單孔的石拱橋，東西各有一棵古柏，所以人稱“二柏擔一孔”。這橋名曰：“泮水橋”與行宮旁泮水池的水相通，因之演義為“盼水”。過去讀孔孟之書，考上高等學府叫“入盼”，做官的盼高升，做買賣盼發(fā)財，過日子盼興旺。
下馬碑。廟墻外東西各立一塊石碑，公元1191年專立的下馬碑，下轎碑。西邊的碑早毀壞，東邊這塊碑上寫“官員人等至此下馬”。過去文武官員、庶民百姓從此路過下轎下馬徒步而行，以示對孔子、孔廟的尊敬。
欞星門。明代所建，公元1754年重修，由木制改鐵石的?！皺粜情T”系乾隆御筆。相傳天上星系“有二十八宿”，其中，有個掌管文化的星叫“欞星”，又名“文曲星”、“天振星”，把孔子與天上管文化的星聯(lián)系起來，說文化方面他是最高的，如過去祭天，要先祭“文曲星”，有尊孔如尊天的說法。
太和元氣坊。這坊是明代公元1544年所建，極贊孔子的思想，主張如同“太空宇宙能哺育萬物。天地之合，四方之合，陰陽之合”，稱“太和”之氣是最基本的東西，宇宙之太和，人間之元氣?！疤驮獨狻毕瞪綎|巡撫曾銑手書。
至圣廟坊。明代所建“至圣廟坊”，是漢白玉的，上飾火焰寶珠。
德侔天地，道冠古今。這道院的東西對襯各建一處很奇特的牌坊，木制角棱環(huán)繞，千頭萬續(xù)，下有八個怪獸，叫“天龍神獅”，相傳它威嚴靈感，可驅(qū)除邪惡，匡扶正義。東邊牌坊上書：“德侔天地”，說孔子的思想主張給人類的好處如同天高地厚，功德能同天地相比。西邊的牌坊上書“道冠古今”，贊孔子思想、辦法古今都是蓋世之冠。
圣時門。三門并列，四道臺皆同上，中央盤龍。此門命名來源于孟子，對古代四位圣人伯夷、伊尹、柳下惠、孔子，孟子把四圣人的圣跡歸納為四句話：伯夷圣之清者也，伊尹圣之任者也，柳下惠圣之和者也，孔子圣之時者也?！笆r”極贊孔子思想主張經(jīng)久不衰，是適合時代的圣人?；实蹃砬烦滓小叭蚓胚荡蠖Y”，走圣時門;歷代“衍圣公”出生時打開“圣時門”，除這兩種情況外，此門不輕易開啟。都走快覩門、仰高門。
快覩門，取先睹為快之意。就是說孔子的學問“五經(jīng)四書”，誰先學誰先有文化，誰先學誰先有知識，爭相學習，以先見到先讀為快樂。
仰高門。根據(jù)顏回贊揚孔子的一段話命名的。顏回說，夫子之道，仰之彌高，鉆之彌堅。贊孔子學問向上看不到頂，叫“彌高”，學起來文言文很難懂，叫“彌堅”，高不是高不可攀，經(jīng)過努力是完全可以學到的。顏回說“夫子循循然，善誘人，博我以文，說我以禮。”俺老師循循善誘，教我以文化，施我以禮節(jié)。
漢石人。仰高門里亭子里有兩位歷史價值很高的漢石人，一位是“亭長”，(漢代地方小官)，一位府門之卒，都是魯王墓前守衛(wèi)的。石人被歷代金石學家所重視，對研究漢代服裝和文字有重要價值。
金水橋，這道橋，同故宮前的橋同名，稱金水橋，又叫碧水橋，三孔排列，綠水蕩漾。
弘道門。過金水橋是明代皇帝欽定的“弘道門”，取“論語”中“人能弘道，非道弘人”之意。孔子是個普通文人，為什么成為圣人?贊孔子總結(jié)了先賢先圣的經(jīng)驗，尤其弘揚了堯舜禹湯，文武周公之道?！叭四芎氲?，說人能指揮創(chuàng)造一切，非道弘人，并不是一切指揮人，這是贊揚人的主觀能動性?！焙氲篱T下有兩塊石碑，東邊的四棱碑是“曲阜歷代沿革志”記載了曲阜沿革變遷的歷史，元代所立，史料價值很高，西邊的是“處士先生墓志”，具有很高的書法價值。
大中門。大中門是宋代孔廟的大門，稱“中和門”，意為用孔子的思想處理問題都可迎刃而解。明代擴建廟改稱“大中門”，贊孔子的學問是集人類知識之大成，中，取“中庸”之意，“中者天下之正道，庸者天下之定理”，中不偏，庸不易。離開中者，就不是正道，成了邪道、歪門。就是說不左不右，公平正道，向前為中庸。大中門東西兩頭有角樓兩座是守衛(wèi)孔廟用的。
同文門，四大名牌，孔廟圖。進入大中門里左右有四塊大碑。西邊的明弘治碑，講的綱常倫理。弘治碑右側(cè)有明代才子湖南長沙李東陽繪制的“孔廟圖”價值很高。
成化碑，是明代成化皇帝朱見深所立。有兩個情況引起歷代大家名人的注意。一是成化碑正楷字寫的好、規(guī)范化、標準化，精湛引人，字體筆法有“著稱于世”的評語;二是對孔子評價最高，歷代皇帝對孔子都有評說，評價最高的是成化皇帝，他把孔子的思想、辦法比作吃飯、穿衣、花錢，一天也離不開，有了孔子的道理和辦法，就能人盡其才，物盡其用，地盡其力，不然就亂套啦。說有孔子之道則有天下，沒孔子之道則無天下，反孔子之道則失天下。如碑文稱：“朕唯孔子之道，天下一日不可無焉，有孔子之道則綱常正而倫理明，萬物各得其所矣...，孔子之道之在天下如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暫缺，...天生孔子縱之為圣，生之安行仁義中正，師道興起，從游三千，往圣是繼?！?/p>
同文門。取“人同心”字同文之意。是說同心協(xié)力，團結(jié)一致才能干好事業(yè);文字要統(tǒng)一，有統(tǒng)一的文字才能記載歷史傳播經(jīng)驗，隨意造字就會亂套。同文門是奎文閣前的重要屏障。
奎文閣，原為藏書樓，是收藏御賜書籍的地方。建于宋天禧二年(公元1020xx年)，金章宗重修時改為“奎文閣”。這座獨特雄偉的建筑，完全是木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，在中國樓的建設(shè)上稱孤例。經(jīng)過幾次地震，奎文閣沒有震毀。清康熙5年地震“十間房子倒者有九，存者有一，奎文閣巍然不動”。明代吏部尚書李東陽專寫了“奎文閣賦”，贊奎文閣的建筑研究價值。就是廊下東頭這塊碑。
樓閣前這東西兩院稱：“齋宿”，是祭祀人員齋戒、沐浴的地方。東院是衍圣公齋宿所，清康熙、乾隆祭孔時都在東齋宿盥洗。西院是從祭人員的齋宿。孔子七十一代孫孔昭薰將廟內(nèi)宋、元、明、清五朝代拜孔廟碑130多塊集中鑲嵌在院墻上，故西齋宿又稱碑院。
十三碑亭。這是孔廟的第六進院落，亭內(nèi)立有55塊碑，是唐、宋、金、元、明、清等朝代所立，其內(nèi)容都是皇帝、欽差拜孔、對孔子的追謚、評價，歷次修孔廟的記載，有漢、滿、蒙、八思巴文等文字。南八北五，所以稱十三碑亭，因為都是經(jīng)皇帝批準立的碑，因此又叫御碑亭。東起前排第三、六兩個亭子是金代所建，是我國現(xiàn)存不可多見的建筑。凡是用赑屭馱的碑都稱“御碑”?！摆P屭”是吉祥物，傳說龍王有九子，它是第8子，它愛“文”，善于負重，石碑有文字而沉重適合其特點，形象應為龍頭、龜身、鷹腿、蛇尾。
東起北邊這第三個亭子是康熙皇帝立的碑。北京西山采的石頭經(jīng)大運河，經(jīng)濟南又運到這里。專家計算這幢碑13萬斤重，從濟寧沿途潑水凍了，在冰上滑過來的，有時一天只走臥牛之地。曲阜本有好石頭不用，要從北京運來，以示皇帝對孔子的重視。這院東南、西南各有一片碑碣都是王公大臣們修廟、拜孔的記載，書法價值很高。
這個院東西對襯各有一門，東為“毓粹門”，西是“觀德門”。俗稱東華門、西華門。
孔廟由這里起分為三路布局，這一道五門，中為“大成門”，左邊是“金聲門”，右邊是“玉振門”，再往西為“啟圣門”，再往東為“承圣門”。大成門的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是“犬牙交錯，勾心斗角”。中間插進為“勾心”，左右四角尖端相頂為“斗角”。大成門三字系雍正皇帝的御筆。贊孔子是集先圣先賢之大成，達到了至高無上的境界。
先師手植檜。大成門里左邊這棵挺拔蒼勁的檜樹，是孔夫子手植的。據(jù)記載：孔子在這里裁過三棵檜樹，金貞佑二年(公元1220xx年)毀于兵火，樹枯而又發(fā)新枝，曾“三枯三榮”，有“檜樹日茂孔氏日興”的說法。明萬歷年間才子楊光訓題寫了“先師手植檜”五個大字。
兩廡長廊。這兩側(cè)的對等兩排房子，共80間，稱“東西廡”，是供奉七十二賢人的地方?？鬃犹柗Q弟子三千，身通六藝文武全才的七十二人，供奉在東西廡。歷代帝王都有封的配享先賢。如董仲舒、韓愈、王明陽、諸葛亮、寇準、岳飛等等。到民國年間已封到156名。最后一位先賢是梁啟超先生。原有塑像，牌位，后一律改為木制牌位。東西廡現(xiàn)在陳列的是收集的宋代以前的中貴石刻。周公訓子、蝙蝠行醫(yī)等，最為珍貴的國寶有漢魏朝碑刻22塊，書法價值特高的“禮器碑”、“乙瑛碑”、“史晨碑”、張猛龍碑“、米芾碑”等都是罕見的珍品。西廡陳列了100多塊“漢畫石刻”，都是久負盛名的藝術(shù)珍品，是研究漢、魏等歷史社會生活難得的珍貴資料。東廡北端陳列著584塊石刻，是孔子六十九代孫孔繼涑寫的玉虹樓法貼。
杏壇。這是為紀念孔子講學建的?？鬃赢敵跏窃谕僚_上大杏樹下給弟子們講學。宋代公元1020xx年，孔子45代孔道輔監(jiān)修孔廟時，將正殿后移擴建，在正殿舊址建亭，環(huán)植以杏，名曰“杏壇”。杏壇二字，是金代著名文人黨懷英篆書。亭內(nèi)有乾隆皇帝御筆“杏壇贊”，這是他第一次來曲阜寫的。乾隆題寫的匾、對聯(lián)、條幅等在曲阜有50多處。
大成殿。這是孔廟的主殿，它和北京的故宮太和殿、泰安岱廟天貺殿并稱東方三大建筑，又稱東方三大殿。價值高歷史長的是大成殿。殿高24.8米，闊45.7米，深24.89米。四周環(huán)有28根用整個石頭雕成的龍柱，工藝精湛，造詣很深。尤其殿前廊10株深浮雕的滾龍柱實為世之罕見，10棵柱子20 條龍，上下對翔，升騰盤繞戲一顆珠子，神態(tài)各異，無一雷同，越看越有動意，躍然石上栩栩如生。這是徽州工匠的杰作?；实蹃砬烦讜r，孔家都用黃綾把龍柱裹起來，不讓皇帝直接看到龍柱，因為超過了金鑾殿，怕皇帝不高興，加以責怪。其余18根柱是八棱的淺浮雕龍柱，一個棱面刻九條龍，每根柱子八個棱，八九 72條龍共計雕刻1296條龍。這是罕見的石刻藝術(shù)瑰寶?？傆[大成殿雄偉壯觀。
五圣十二先哲。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著17尊像。
五大圣人。至圣孔子，意為圣人中的圣人，至高無上?？追蜃釉谥醒耄^戴十二旒之冕，身穿十二章王服，手持震圭，威嚴肅穆，使人肅然起敬。兩側(cè)為四配：東邊是復圣顏子，述圣子思;西邊是宗圣曾子，亞圣孟子。東頭六位，西頭六位，稱十二先哲，有子貢、子路、冉求等11位孔子的弟子，有一位是宋朝朱熹，著名理學家，五經(jīng)四書解釋的好，被封為先哲。“生民未有”的匾，是孟子贊孔子，說“生民未有盛于孔子也”。有人類以來，還沒有全面超過孔子的人，所以叫“生民未有”。“萬世師表”是康熙題寫，封孔子為“萬世皇帝之師，千古人類之表，皇帝的老師，做人的表率?！薄八刮脑谄潯笔枪饩w寫的，意為天下的文化都在這里。
寢殿。供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專殿。是孔廟第三大建筑。亓官氏宋國人(河南商丘)，19歲嫁孔子，后生子孔鯉，賢妻良母，早孔子7年去世，被封“至圣先師夫人”，同孔子一樣享受祭祀。寢殿周圍28根石柱上雕鳳凰，每條柱子刻鳳凰72只，同龍的數(shù)量一樣，叫龍鳳呈祥。
圣跡殿。以石刻連環(huán)畫的形式記載了孔子的事跡。有120塊文圖并茂的石刻，是孔子后代同明代巡撫御史何出光主持修建的。由吳郡著名畫工章草繪畫刻石，鑲在殿內(nèi)墻上。是我國第一部人、文兼有的完整的連環(huán)畫。有很高的歷史和藝術(shù)價值。殿正面“萬世師表”為康熙御筆，正中孔子大司冠像是唐代大畫家吳道子畫的。殿東頭是康熙朝孔的御碑，西頭有晉代名畫家顧愷之畫的孔子行教像，習稱“夫子小影”最接近孔子的面貌特征。還有宋代大家米芾的贊孔子的小篆：“孔子孔子大哉孔子，子以前既無孔子，孔子以后更無孔子，孔子孔子大哉孔子”。明確的說，孔子偉大啊!無與倫比，空前絕后!
孔廟西路是祭禮孔子父母的地方。其父叔梁紇，母顏征在，皇帝封為啟圣王和啟圣王夫人，建有啟圣王殿、寢殿、金絲堂等建筑。
孔廟的東路，前后兩部分，前院是孔子故宅，有“孔宅故井”，孔子九代孫孔鮒藏書的地方名“魯壁”，現(xiàn)在看到的經(jīng)書，立頭功的應為“魯壁”。為紀念孔子教育其子讀書建了“詩禮堂”，孔子說“不學詩無以言，不字禮無以立”，意為不學詩不會講話，不學禮不懂得如何立身事。詩禮堂內(nèi)有著名雕刻家石可先生刻制的仿漢畫石刻“圣跡圖”。后院是崇圣祠、五代祠，祭祀孔子上五代祖先的祠堂。
各位先生，孔廟似歷史的、知識的學堂，因時間有限，咱們只看了主要的，我是厄要介紹的?？鬃邮鞘ト?，也是偉大的旅游家，周游列國20xx年，宣傳他修身、齊家、治國平天下的學問，收集了寶貴的資料。有關(guān)圣人的遺跡很多，很值得一看。我們相處時間雖短，可友誼長存，盼望各位有機會再來曲阜觀光，我們一定很好地服務。
孔廟就看到這里，謝謝大家的合作，歡迎您再來。
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