人的記憶力會隨著歲月的流逝而衰退，寫作可以彌補記憶的不足，將曾經(jīng)的人生經(jīng)歷和感悟記錄下來，也便于保存一份美好的回憶。范文書寫有哪些要求呢？我們怎樣才能寫好一篇范文呢？下面我給大家整理了一些優(yōu)秀范文，希望能夠幫助到大家，我們一起來看一看吧。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇一
xinjiang is the largest grape producing area in china, and also thebirthplace of grape cultivation in china. according to the survey, there aremore than 50 grape varieties in xinjiang. especially in turpan, grapes areplanted everywhere, accounting for more than 90% of the total grape plantingarea in xinjiang, making it a "kingdom of grapes". the grape of turpan evokesour infinite reverie. the wonderful lyrics of "the grapes in turpan are ripe,and anaerhan's heart is drunk" sung among people of all ethnic groups inxinjiang fully express people's admiration for grapes. grape is known as "pearland agate" and has become the symbol of "hometown of melons and fruits" inxinjiang. now let's go to the most beautiful place in turpan, grape valley, toexperience anaerhan's intoxicated mood!
tourists, our car is driving by the flame mountain, and the west end of themountain is the grape valley.
putaogou is a north-south river valley in huoyanshan mountains, with atotal length of 7 km and a maximum width of 2 km. it is full of vineyards,inhabited by uygur, hui, han and other ethnic fruit farmers. if you walk intothe grape valley, you will see the people's canal from tianshan mountain. thewater passes through the valley. the trees are luxuriant, the air is humid, andthe climate is cool and pleasant, which is in sharp contrast to the blazingflame mountain. looking up at the volcano and looking down at the green space,it is really a good place for summer.
vineyard → seedless grapes → raisin drying room now we come to thevineyard. the grapes here are like the green clouds covering the sky and thegreen carpet covering the ground. they are connected by pieces, and the greenshade covers the sun. they are fruitful. the vineyard in the grapevine valleycovers an area of more than 400 hectares. the main varieties are seedless whitegrape, maruki grape, rose red, kashhar, bijiagan, black grape, soso grape, addition, jingzaojing, aimina, seedless purple, seedless red, rose fragranceand other excellent grape varieties are introduced from abroad. its fruit shapeis different, there are spherical, oval, cylindrical, oval, some bright likeagate, some crystal like pearls, and some green as jade. with an annual outputof more than 6000 tons of grapes and more than 300 tons of raisins, it can becalled the "world vineyard".
the outstanding grape in xinjiang is seedless white grape, which is widelyplanted in grape valley. look! the "green pearls" with oval fruit grains andlight yellow green fruit hanging on the grape trellis are seedless. it has thinskin, crisp meat, juicy and sweet taste. the sugar content of the fresh fruit ismore than 24%, which exceeds the sugar content of california grape in the unitedstates and becomes the sweetest grape in the world. because it has no seeds, itis most suitable for drying raisins. after drying, it contains more than 75%sugar, protein, organic acid and other nutrients. it is a good dry fruit withrich nutrition. the seedless raisins, which are crystal clear and jade like, aregreen and bright in color, sweet and sour to eat, and are known as "china greenpearl".
the second largest cultivated area in the grape ditch is maruzi grape. itsfruit is long columnar or spindle shaped, with thin and tough skin, juicy andcrisp flesh, no fragrance, but especially sweet. it is worth mentioning that dueto the unique natural conditions such as low-lying, high temperature, lessprecipitation and strong solar radiation, all grapes in turpan basin are free ofdiseases and pests, let alone spraying pesticides. as a result, xinjiang raisinis famous at home and abroad, becoming a rare natural non-toxic fruit.
tourists, walking in the green corridor, looking at the attractive grapes,it's really very comfortable! just now some tourists asked: how are raisinsmade? look! the flat topped, rectangular, civil structure house in front of usis a drying room specially built for drying raisins. the wall of drying room isa perforated wall made of soil blocks, and the rectangular holes mainly play therole of free ventilation. the door of the drying room is mostly located in thenorth or east, which can reduce the sunlight on the one hand, and on the otherhand, when transporting grapes, if the drying room can't hold for a while, itcan be temporarily placed on the north wall outside the drying room, so that itwon't be exposed to the sunlight for several hours, and the quality of the driedgrapes will not change. in turpan, such air drying houses can be seeneverywhere, but most of them are built on the hillside or on the bank of ditch,where the terrain is open, flat, well ventilated and dry. at this point,tourists may have understood that the method of making raisins in turpan isunique. it is not only different from other countries that use the sun to exposethemselves to the sun, but also not use artificial heating and drying. instead,it is completely dried by the dry and warm climate. in this way, the chlorophyllin the grape fruit is completely preserved, and the grape turns dry green. amongthe raisins with an annual output of about ten thousand tons in the world, itcan also be regarded as an exclusive product.
in addition to raisins, turpan wine is also very famous for its good color,aroma and long brewing history. wang han, a poet of tang dynasty, once wrote apoem praising: "the wine is beautiful, sprinkle the luminous cup. if you want todrink pipa, you will be urged immediately. don't laugh when you are drunk on thebattlefield. how many people have fought in the past the poet's famous linesdescribe the charm of grape wine and the heroic spirit of the general gallopingon the battlefield.
tourists, now we are in the north of putaogou. on a marble tablet in frontof us is written "putaogou" 3. this is the handwriting of peng zhen, formerchairman of the standing committee of the national people's congress. you cantake photos here.
here the water is gurgling and the grape stands are full. we stroll in thegrape corridor, just like enjoying the gardens in the south of the yangtzeriver. we don't know that we are in the flaming mountain in the scorching h the stone bridge and in the grape kingdom, you can see the spring waterseeping from the gravel layer of the cliff, converging into a pool. the fish inthe pool seem to be as happy as the tourists. the fish are happy, the people arehappy, and the spring is clearer.
tourists, now we have a rest in the corridor of grape valley. we all sitaround and enjoy the surrounding landscape. we also taste all kinds of freshgrapes and fruits with different colors, sizes and tastes. we are addicted toeating grapes. by the way, since 1990, the "china silk road turpan grapefestival" has been held in turpan from august 20 to 26 every year. grape inturpan has broken through its own boundaries and become a bridge of culturalexchanges and a link of economic and trade exchanges.
there are also grape museum, wine tasting point, folk museum and othervisiting facilities in the tourist area, as well as uygur folk musicperformances. we will visit them after a short rest.
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇二
dear tourists
when you come to turpan, people can't help but ask: how can there be largeoases in places with extremely dry climate, known as "huozhou" and "fengku"?what's the secret? the secret is the karez group distributed in xinjiang, whichis like the blood of human body, extending to the vast gobi and irrigating alarge area of xinjiang. the wonderful karez is also the most widely distributedin turpan, becoming the spring of life and the source of evergreen, wateringturpan's verdant grapes and sweet melons. now let's visit this world-famousirrigation project.
structure of karez → construction method of karez
tourists, now we come to karez paradise. first of all, please follow me tokarez museum to learn about the construction of karez.
karez is a kind of underground water spanersion project created by theworking people of all ethnic groups living in xinjiang according to the localclimate and hydrological characteristics. there are about 1600 karez inxinjiang, among which turpan is the most concentrated. according to statistics,there are 1158 karez in turpan, with a total length of about 5000 km, which isequivalent to the mileage from urumqi to harbin. karez is one of the greatestunderground water conservancy projects in ancient china. it is called"underground canal" by experts in geography. together with the great wall andbeijing hangzhou grand canal, it is called the three major projects in ancientchina.
you may have heard about karez, but its structure may not be very i'll introduce it to you. karez was called "jingqu" in ancient times, whichmeans "jingxue". it is composed of four parts: vertical shaft, undergroundchannel, open channel and waterlogging dam.
the reason why a large number of karez were built in turpan is inseparablefrom the natural conditions here. first of all, the terrain of turpan basin isvery low, with an area of 2085 square kilometers below sea level. turpan issurrounded by mountains. every year, a large amount of snow on the mountainsmelts and flows into the valley. when the snow water flows through the gobi, itseeps into the ground to form a subsurface flow, which provides a rich source ofwater for karez.
then how is the karez built? please see: the construction method of karezis to find the water source at the snow water undercurrent in the high mountainsand valleys, and then drill a vertical shaft every 20 to 30 meters, the depth ofthe shaft varies from 10 to tens of meters, to gather the groundwater toincrease the water potential, and then according to the terrain, dig anunderground channel at the bottom of the shaft to connect with each well, drainit straight down, and connect it to a distant place oasis, water will be led outfrom the open channel to the ground for irrigation. waterlogging dam is areservoir for regulating water quantity. a karez is generally about 3 km long,and the longest one is usually several karez connected for tens or even hundredsof kilometers, in which there are at least dozens of shafts and more than 300shafts. the shaft in the upstream is relatively deep, up to 100 meters in somecases, and the shaft in the downstream is relatively shallow, generally only afew meters. the function of karez is to avoid water evaporation. this project isa great innovation to adapt to the characteristics of dry climate. what isparticularly praiseworthy is that the local people rely on their hands andsimple tools to dig deep wells and underground canals. the vastness of theproject and the ingenious structure are amazing.
i would like you to recall that when we drove near turpan city, we couldsee piles of round earth bags down the slope on the gobi outside the lush oasis,extending to the oasis in an orderly way. those are the vertical wellheads ofkarez. if you look down from high altitude, those mounds are like necklaces tiedwith pearls, decorating turpan, an ancient but still youthful place.
reasons for the construction of karez → origin of karez tour guide ofxinjiang general situation tour guide of putaogou in turpan tour guide of niyasite
now let's talk about the reasons for the construction of karez. due to thedrought and less rain in xinjiang, the amount of evaporation is large, and thekarez is an underground channel for water delivery, with small evaporation andstable flow, which can be irrigated by gravity all the year round. in addition,the soil here is calcareous clay, so the dug karez is very solid and not easy tocollapse. the temperature of snow water in high mountains is very low, if directirrigation is unfavorable to the growth of crops, while the surface temperaturein turpan is very high, the temperature rises naturally after snow water flowsthrough karez, which is very suitable for watering crops. therefore, in thelong-term struggle against drought, people of all ethnic groups in xinjianginvented this method of digging wells and irrigating fields. a karez is a freshspring that is not dry. it forms the lifeline and lifeline of huozhou, whichmakes xinjiang, a place with little rainfall, accumulate water and become anindispensable spring of life in xinjiang people's life.
there are always three theories about the origin of turpan karez: one isthe theory of guanzhong well canal in han dynasty. this view holds that the"well canal method" invented by people in han dynasty was introduced intoxinjiang and developed into karez now. the second is related to lin zexu. afterlin zexu was exiled to xinjiang in the late qing dynasty, he went through turpanin 1845 and found that it was hot and rainy. so he carefully checked the terrainand water sources, and guided the people of xinjiang to invent this method ofdigging wells and irrigating fields according to their own geographicalcharacteristics. the third view is that karez was first created by the persiansin western asia 2500 years ago and later passed down to xinjiang. of course,these three views need to be verified.
but what i want to tell you is that the distribution of karez on the earthis connected with the silk road, which connects eastern and western have been found in pakistan, iran and along the caspian sea. therefore, itis no exaggeration to say that karez is a pearl in the world cultural today, karez still plays an important role in the agricultural developmentof turpan, xinjiang.
karez open channel → karez culvert
after visiting the karez museum and walking out of the museum, you can seethe clear spring beside the road. this is the pure snow mountain water flowingout of the karez canal. it is crystal clear. if you reach for it, you will feelcool. it's really "crystal clear and cool".
the underdrain of karez can only be seen when you enter the cave. you canonly see the water gurgling in the underdrain, which makes you feel very are thousands of such wells and canals in xinjiang. the total length ofthe underground rivers is twice as long as that of the great wall, and far morethan that of the beijing hangzhou grand canal.
tourists, today's karez is not only an important water conservancyfacility, but also a great cultural landscape for chinese and foreign particular, a folk song and dance performance full of xinjiang uygur strongcustoms in karez paradise will make you feel restless. the bright rhythm, lightmelody and passionate mood make you join them while enjoying. you can't helpsinging and dancing like uygur girls and young men, and feel the pure fun ofthis song and dance hometown.
ladies and gentlemen, the melodious singing in karez paradise has alreadybeen sung. now, please go to enjoy it!
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇三
welcome to turpan. when talking about turpan, people can't help thinking ofwang luobin, the "king of western singing". his "turpan grapes are ripe, andanaerhan's heart is drunk". the beautiful lyrics and moving melody bring us intoa picturesque realm. now let's go into turpan and feel its magic charm together!turpan's geographical characteristics → climate characteristics "the hottest,the lowest, the driest and the sweetest" are people's image description ofturpan, which also accurately summarizes turpan's geographical and climaticcharacteristics. tourists, let's first introduce the geographical location andtopographic features of turpan. turpan is located in the central part ofxinjiang uygur autonomous region, bordering hami in the east, bayinguoleng inthe west and south, 183 km from urumqi in the northwest and changji in thenorth. it is about 300 kilometers long from east to west and 240 kilometers widefrom north to south, covering an area of 64000 square kilometers, accounting for4.2% of the total area of xinjiang. the terrain is characterized by twomountains and one basin, bogda mountain and kuluktag mountain are in the northand south, and turpan basin is in the middle. there are two counties and onecity under its jurisdiction, namely dushan county, toksun county and turpancity. the total population is about 520000. the main ethnic groups are uygur,han, hui, kazak, manchu, russian and so on.
turpan basin is an olive shaped intermountain basin in the east of tianshanmountains. it is surrounded by mountains, high in the north and low in thesouth, wide in the west and narrow in the east. due to the himalayan orogenyabout 30 million years ago, a variety of geological structures and landformshave been formed. in the north there is bogda peak, which is covered with snowall the year round at an altitude of 5445 meters. in the middle there is flamingmountain, which stretches 100 kilometers from east to west. in the flamingmountain, there is a famous grape valley 7 kilometers long. the most peculiar isaiding lake, which is 154 meters below sea level. it is the lowest basin inchina and the second dead sea of jordan, which is 391 meters below sea level thesecond lowest land in the world. turpan basin integrates snow mountains, rivervalleys, sand dunes and lakes, just like a giant landscape painting, which makespeople stop and linger.
because of its unique geographical environment, turpan has become the placewith the highest temperature in summer in china. from june to august every year,the average temperature here ranges from 35 ℃ to 37 ℃, the extreme maximumtemperature reaches 49.6 ℃, and the surface temperature exceeds 70 ℃. therefore,people describe it as "a place where eggs can be baked in sand nest and bigcakes can be baked on stone slab". when our cars travel through the village, wecan also see such a novel phenomenon, that is, every family's bed is placedoutside the house, which is how the local residents spend the hot ore, it is appropriate for people to call turpan "huozhou" since ancienttimes. however, although the absolute temperature here is very high, thetemperature difference between day and night is large. in addition, there areoften strong winds in the basin. even if it is extremely hot during the day,once the sun sets and night falls, the temperature will gradually cool ally in spring and autumn, the temperature difference is more obvious,
just like two seasons, "wearing fur coat in the morning and yarn in theafternoon" is a true portrayal of the climate characteristics of turpanbasin.
turpan is dry and rainless. almost 10 months of the year, there is no rainor snow. the average annual precipitation is 16.6 mm, but the evaporation is ashigh as 3000 mm. the precipitation season is mainly in summer. the climate ofturpan basin is often described as "dry without rain" because of small rainfall,coarse raindrop and short precipitation time. as a part of precipitation,snowfall is rare in turpan basin. the average snowfall in winter is less than2mm. however, the year-round snow on bogda mountain provides endless water forthe basin. by digging the kaner well, the local people lead the melting waterfrom the snow mountain to the ground through the underground flow, irrigate thefertile land, and breed a vibrant desert oasis.
the closed basin, thin cloud cover, strong solar radiation and extremelyhigh temperature form abundant heat resources. in turpan basin, where the sky ishigh and the clouds are light, the annual sunshine hours are more than 3000hours. abundant heat resources provide an ideal environment for the growth ofthermophilic crops such as melons, fruits and cotton. for example, turpan grape,which is famous at home and abroad, has a history of more than 20__ years andhas more than 300 varieties. after testing, the sugar content of turpan grape isas high as 22% - 26%, which is higher than that of california grape (20%) withthe highest sugar content. turpan grape is the sweetest grape in the ts, after introducing the geography of turpan, let's review itshistory
turpan, known as gaochang, xizhou and huozhou in ancient times, became thepolitical, economic and cultural center of the western regions more than 20__years ago in the western han dynasty, and was a famous town on the ancient silkroad. the former state of cheshi, built by local cheshi people, once dominatedhere for a while. in the jin dynasty, it was the location of the capital of thewestern regions, where the "gaochang county" was established. after the fall ofgaochang kingdom, the tang dynasty set up "xizhou" here. in song dynasty, theuighur people moved westward and established the kingdom of gaochang. in yuanand ming dynasties, "huozhou" and "hezhou" were established. zhili hall ofturpan was set up in qing dynasty. turpan county was set up in 1913. in 1985,the county was removed and turpan city was established. turpan was also one ofthe earliest regions in xinjiang to open to the outside world. since the han andtang dynasties, foreign exchanges have been very frequent. businessmen, monksand envoys from the central plains to india, persia and the mediterranean coasthave come in an endless stream, leaving turpan with many beautiful ts, coming to turpan, seem to have read a thick historical picture. thereare the ancient cities of jiaohe and gaochang, which are full of thevicissitudes of war, the exquisite and gorgeous frescoes of bazkrik dry buddhacave, the ancient tombs of astana, which is known as the underground museum, andthe sugong pagoda, which is an ancient building with islamic style. they showpeople the historical features of different times. history has left turpan notonly ruins, but also a long culture. the folk customs here are rich andcolorful, and the people here are enthusiastic and good at singing and at night in turpan hotel grape rack, while tasting fruits, while enjoying"wheat"
the "seraph" party will definitely make you feel relaxed and ts, this is the general situation of turpan. maybe some tourists have tosay that after talking for a long time, i haven't expressed the chinese meaningof "turpan". yes, turpan is a turkic language, which means "rich and fertileplace". after listening to the translation of the name and comparing with theprevious introduction, do you have the same feeling? i hope turpan, a beautifuland rich place, can add more fun to your travel.
2 tour guide to the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik the specialgeographical location of the silk road makes xinjiang an important channel forcultural exchanges between the east and the west. therefore, religious art inxinjiang is very prosperous, and all major religions have a place here. inaddition to islam, nestorianism and manichaeism, buddhism has the mostfar-reaching influence. caves and stone carvings all over xinjiang fully provethis. today we are going to visit is located in the middle of the flame mountaingorge in the baizikrik thousand buddha cave. origin of the name → historicalstatus → general situation of the caves
bozikrik thousand buddha cave, known as "ningrong grottoes" in tangdynasty, is located in mutougou gorge of huoyan mountain, about 60 km northeastof turpan city, only 15 km south of the old city of gaochang. it is one of thelarger and famous buddhist grottoes in xinjiang. bozikrik means "hillside" inuighur and "decorative painting" in turkic.
bozikrik thousand buddha cave was first excavated in the late northern andsouthern dynasties, namely the qushi gaochang state (ad
during the seven centuries of tang, five dynasties, song and yuandynasties, it was one of the buddhist centers in the western regions. gaochanguighur period (9th-13th century a.d.) is the most prosperous period of thegrottoes. therefore, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik is considered as "themost important, the most abundant, the most complete and the most representativeart treasure house in uighur buddhist art". tourists, now we come to thethousand buddha cave scenic area. there are 83 caves and 77 existing numberedcaves. among them, there are more than 40 caves with residual murals. the totalarea of murals is 1200 square meters. it is the largest number of caves and themost abundant murals in turpan. there are various forms of grottoes, such ashorizontal top straight cave, central pillar cave, square double set cave anddome square cave, and some built temples and buddha platform in the middle ofthe grottoes.
[mural content → jiyue painting in cave 16 → hell change in cave 17 → greatlotus in cave 18 - uighur king in gaochang in cave 20 → manichaeism in cave 38 →small commemorative shadow cave in cave 82 → 83]
walking down the steps at the entrance, we can see more than a dozen cavesopen to tourists. the light in the caves is not very strong, and the mottledpictures on the inner wall of the arch can be seen faintly. each line isdepicted in detail. the ribbons of the characters are very dynamic, but many ofthe characters are incomplete, which is a pity.
the frescoes in the bozikrik grottoes mainly include the "buddha" with alarge-scale portrait of buddha as the center
the purpose of these paintings is to glorify the buddhist dharma forworshiping good men and women. from the 6th century to the 12th century, it hasalways been an important place for buddhism in gaochang kingdom. manyinscriptions in ancient huique script, chinese script and baltic script arestill preserved in the grottoes, which are valuable materials for studyingancient scripts. the architectural style and painting skills of the grottoes arealso of high research value. in 1982, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik waslisted as a national key cultural relic protection unit.
tourists, let's first visit cave 16. cave 16 was excavated in the middletang dynasty. there is a picture of jiyue in the cave. in the picture,xiaohulei, an ancient musical instrument, appeared for the first time in chinesebuddhist caves. hulei, also known as the dragon head pipa, originated fromnanzhao music of tang dynasty. it is shaped like a pear with a stick, a dragonhead with two strings, a boa skin covering the abdomen, and a sandalwood authentic products are now stored in the palace museum of beijing. next,let's look at caves 17 and 18. these two caves are the earliest in the wholegrottoes group, which were excavated in the late northern and southern dynastiesfrom the 6th to 7th century. let's first take a look at the mural "hell changes"in cave 17, which is very similar to the painting of mani's teaching aidmansion, which is rare in china. there is a big lotus flower in the center ofthe top of cave 18, which is filled with geometric patterns such as triangle andfour leaves in the middle. it is elegant and solemn, with nationalcharacteristics.
next, let's visit cave 20. the murals in the grottoes show images of theuighur king and queen of gaochang. the uighur king of gaochang was wearing alotus petal shaped crown, a round collar wide sleeve robe, a middle belt, blackboots and other daily necessities. the queen is plump, wearing a crown and a redcoat with lapels and narrow sleeves. the color of the portrait is gorgeous, thelines are smooth and the drawing is exquisite. beside the portrait is theinscription of huique. this group of murals is highly artistic and is one of therepresentative works of the whole thousand buddha cave murals. unfortunately,the original mural is on display in the berlin museum in germany, and the colorphotos on display in the cave are based on the original. the frescoes in cave 38are different from those before. they are about ancient manichaeism. there arethree trees in the frescoes behind the grottoes, under which there are manyimages of monks and nuns dressed in white and feathered people with wings, whichshow respect for manichaeism. manichaeism is a religion founded by persian mani,also known as mingjiao, which worships the god of light. from the 9th century tothe 12th century, gaochang uighur kingdom was the center of manichaeism in theworld. manichaeism once became the state religion of gaochang uighur we come to cave 82 and 83, which is under ganfo cave and beside is a small commemorative shadow cave specially built for buddhist eminentmonks during the reign of emperor gaochang in the 10th and 11th centuries a.d. apottery relic box and a gold foil wrapping paper used by buddhists wereunearthed here. the ink mark on it indicates that the gold foil shop was locatedin the south of taihelou street in hangzhou in song dynasty. this gold foilwrapping paper proves that gaochang uighur kingdom had quite close economic andtrade contacts with the song dynasty from the 11th to the 12th century.
tourists, from the murals of the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik, we cansee xinjiang buddhism
the long history of culture makes us have a deeper understanding of thebroad and profound culture of xinjiang. the past of xinjiang is brilliant, andwe believe that the future of xinjiang will be more brilliant.
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇四
dear tourists
as we all know, the hottest place in the country is turpan, and the hottestplace in turpan is fangdangtui huoyan mountain. in summer, the highesttemperature of huoyanshan is above 47.8 ℃. in midsummer, when the sun is red,the earth's atmosphere is transpiration and the clouds are shrouded, which isvery spectacular.
the name of huoyanshan → mountain characteristics
tourists, through the window, we can see that the thing in front is like afire dragon lying in the middle of turpan basin. the red mountain isyanshan.
the name of huoyanshan mainly comes from its appearance. look! the bedrockof huoyanshan is exposed, the reddish brown sandstone glows in the hot sun, andthe hot air is rolling up, just like thousands of flames burning. the name of"huoyanshan" comes from this. huoyanshan is called chishi mountain in ancientbooks, and kiziltag in uighur language, which means red mountain. cen shenci, apoet of the tang dynasty, passed through huoyanshan and wrote "the volcanostands out at the mouth of chitingkou, and the fire clouds are thick in may.".the mountains are full of volcanoes and the birds are flying far away. "dare notcome". chen cheng, a traveler in the ming dynasty, once wrote a poem to describeit: "a piece of smoke and a piece of red, burning to the sky. at the end ofspring, it's half as clear as summer. who knows that there is zhu rong in thewest? " it can be called a vivid portrayal of huoyanshan.
huoyanshan is a long and narrow mountain in east-west direction, with atotal length of 98 km and a north-south width of 9 km. the general height isabout 500 meters, and the highest peak is 831.7 meters. despite the fact thatthere is no grass on the surface of huoyan mountain, due to crustal movement andriver cutting, there are many picturesque gullies and canyons hidden in themountain, such as putaogou, tuyugou, taoergou, mumugou, shengjinkou canyon, these valleys, the streams linger, the melons and fruits are fragrant, theflowers and trees are verdant, and the scenery is charming, just like the"flower and fruit dock" scene in "huozhou".
the formation of huoyanshan → the best observation point is shengjinkou
perhaps some tourists will ask: how did the flame mountain form? how manyyears ago? the answer to these two questions can be traced back to 140 millionyears ago. at that time, due to the short and small folds in the front of bogdamountain in the east of tianshan mountain, the crust changed, and after thehimalayan orogeny, the rudiment of the mountains gradually formed. since then,it has experienced a long geological period, spanning several geological periodsof jurassic, cretaceous and tertiary, together with the special climateenvironment, showing the current geological shape.
tourists, the best place to observe the structure of huoyanshan isshengjinkou. please get out of the car and take photos in front of the stonepedestal with the sign of "huoyanshan", and then listen to my explanation.
shengjinkou is 30 kilometers away from turpan city in the west, connectingxinjiang with the mainland of 312 national highway, and crossing the huoyanshanby the mugou river. shengjinkou mountain is a precipitous place for militarystrategists since ancient times. as for the name of shengjinkou, there isanother origin: in the past, the local people called shengjinkou "seepingmouth". that's because after the water from mutugou flowed out of tianshanmountain, it became less and less. when they arrived at the gobi desert nearshengjinkou, the water almost seeped clean, so they called it "seeping mouth".later, people thought the name was not very auspicious, so they changed itshomonym to "shengjinkou", so it has been used to this day.
[story of huoyanshan: myth of journey to the west → uyghur folklore]tourists, huoyanshan is named not only because of its unique appearance andstructure, but also because of its legendary mythology.
journey to the west is one of the stories in which the master andapprentice of tang monks and disciples of the tang dynasty are hindered fromlearning from the buddhist scriptures in huoyan mountain. in the 59th and 60thchapters of journey to the west, "tang sanzang road blocks flame mountain, andsun xinger's three tune banana fan," it is written: "there is a state of sri onthe western road, which is the place where the sun sets. it is commonly called"the end of the sky. ". there is a flame mountain here. it is hot all the yearround. the flame mountain has a flame of 800 li, surrounded by nothing. if youcross the mountain, you will turn your copper skull and iron body into juice. "although this description is exaggerated, the basic characteristics of hotseasons and barren grass are completely consistent with the actual situation ofhuoyanshan. it can be seen that the author did not invent it out of thinair.
in the eyes of the common people, good is the highest beauty, so the endingof the story in huoyanshan is that justice will defeat evil, which has beendescribed in detail in uygur folklore. it is said that a long time ago, therewas a dragon in the depths of tianshan mountain, which ate only boys and local top leader was determined to kill the dragon for the people, so hesent a warrior named hala and zhuo to subdue the dragon. after a thrillingbattle, hara and zhuo beat the dragon with their swords and finally subdued thedragon. after the dragon was injured, it rotated along the mountain, and thewhole mountain was dyed red by blood. therefore, uighur people called thismountain "red mountain".
beautiful legend, profound meaning, reverie. tourists, when we stop andthink about the flame mountain, we will feel that the wonders of flame mountainare not enough, and the story of flame mountain is endless. in order to makesure that you don't have any regrets, the next time you visit the old city ofgaochang and the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik, you have to pass by the flamemountain. therefore, we can fully enjoy the wonderful scenery of the flamemountain from different directions. i hope the trip to flame mountain will leaveyou a good memory.
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇五
各位游客：
新疆的吐魯番有兩座中國現(xiàn)存最完整的古城遺址，1961年被列為首批全國重點文物保護單位，分別是高昌故城和河故城，被稱為吐魯番盆地中一對風(fēng)格不同的“姐妹城”。它們在經(jīng)歷了幾千年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨后，如今雖然只留下斷壁殘垣，然而當(dāng)年高聳的城墻依然氣勢恢弘，深陷的護城河輪廓仍歷歷在目。下面讓我們帶著訪古探勝的心情，先去參觀一下高故城吧：
高昌故城的得名→高昌王國的歷史
游客們，高昌故城位于吐魯番以東45公里處的火焰山南麓，即木頭溝河的三角洲地段，這座馳名中外的西域古都，曾先后為麴氏高昌王國和回鶻高昌王國的都城，歷盡繁華，曾是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門戶。在前往故城的途中，我先來介紹一下它的得名和歷史。
高昌故城，維吾爾語中稱為“亦都護城”，也就是“王城”的意思。《北史?高昌傳》中稱它因“地勢高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。
據(jù)歷史記載，高昌故城始建于公元前1世紀的西漢。當(dāng)時稱為“高昌壁”或“高昌壘”，漢、魏、晉歷代都曾在此設(shè)立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元320xx年，前涼張駿在此設(shè)置高昌郡，開創(chuàng)了西域郡縣制的先河。高昌建國是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，車師國滅亡，柔然立闡氏伯周為王，稱其國為高昌國，從而掀開了高昌王國的序幕。南北朝時期，這里諸王爭霸，但國號仍為“高昌”。公元620xx年，唐貞觀年間，高昌王勾結(jié)西突厥截斷絲綢之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王國，將高昌改稱“西州”。公元9世紀末，由漠北西遷到此的回鶻人建立了回鶻高昌國，仍臣屬中原王朝，史稱“西州回鶻”或“高昌回鶻”。1220xx年，高昌回鶻則順成吉思汗，稱“畏兀兒王國”。1283年，高昌城毀于戰(zhàn)火，高昌回鶻王國滅亡，至此，高昌城被廢。 縱觀高昌故城的歷史演變，歷經(jīng)1500多年，其間由盛及衰，演繹了一部西域部族的興亡史。
高昌故城遺址→高昌的對外交流→高昌文化
游客們，現(xiàn)在我們來到了高昌故城遺址。只見殘破的城墻全用黃土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形;分外城、內(nèi)城、宮城三部分。布局似唐代的長安城。外城呈正方形，周長5.4公里，城墻最高處達11.5米，城基寬12米。內(nèi)城居于外城正中，周長3600米，現(xiàn)僅存西墻980米，南墻850米。宮城居于外城城北。請看，前方那數(shù)座高3米至4米的土臺稱為“可汗堡”，就是原回鵲高昌的宮廷所在地。這里發(fā)掘出的綠色琉璃瓦、紋飾華麗的石柱礎(chǔ)和巨幅的奏樂圖精美壁畫，記錄了故都昔日的繁華。據(jù)史書記載，鼎盛時期的能城有12個門，市內(nèi)房屋鱗次櫛比，有作坊、市場、廟宇和居民區(qū)等建筑，總面積為200萬平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，風(fēng)格與交河故城相似，下挖為院，掏洞為室，不用木料，為吐魯番一奇。
漢唐以來，高昌是連接中原、中亞、歐洲的樞紐，它既是經(jīng)貿(mào)活動的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的薈萃地。當(dāng)時波斯等 地的商人，從他們國家?guī)碥俎?、葡萄、香料、胡椒、寶石和駿馬來到高昌城，又從這里帶走中原的絲綢、瓷器、茶葉和造紙、火藥、印刷術(shù)。與此同時，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)高昌傳入內(nèi)地。當(dāng)時的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活躍、最發(fā)達的地方。
高昌王國鼎盛時期;還孕育了豐富的高昌文化，成為高昌的珍貴遺產(chǎn)。麴氏高昌王國十任國王都是漢人，因此漢文化對高昌的影響顯而易見。但高昌畢竟屬于雜胡地帶，車師、回鶻、突厥以至后來的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族雜居，因此當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?shù)種語言，語種形態(tài)豐富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服飾也十分講究，并擅長制作美食。馳名中外的高昌古樂，更是高昌人的驕傲，它以濃烈的異域風(fēng)情和豐富的藝術(shù)語匯在漢唐時流行，被列入唐朝十部大樂之中，成為中西融合的文化瑰寶?？梢赃@樣理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文體底蘊，使之成為代表西域歷史的典范和標(biāo)本。
講經(jīng)堂遺址→唐僧玄奘與高昌
游客們，高昌故城廢棄以后，被開墾為耕地，大部分地面建筑蕩然無存，遺址保存較好的除城墻外，還有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就讓我們乘著“驢的”前往參觀。
各位游客，請看這座大佛寺遺址，占地近1萬平方米。仔細觀察，這座佛寺的山門、講經(jīng)堂、大殿、藏經(jīng)樓、僧舍等建筑布局，仍歷歷在目。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫上的聯(lián)珠紋圖分析，其建筑年代屬麴氏高昌中期，約為隋代所建。
說起這座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘還曾到此講過經(jīng)。相傳公元620xx年(唐貞觀三年)，玄奘29歲時，為了提高佛學(xué)水平，不畏艱險，從長安出發(fā)西行，沿絲綢之路到佛國印度游學(xué)取經(jīng)，歷時20xx年。由于玄類取經(jīng)起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夾在西域商人中出行，因為沒有政府發(fā)給的公文，路上還曾受到緝拿。然而玄類在克服了重重困難以后，不僅從印度取得了佛經(jīng)，而且返回故土，著書立說，糾正了國內(nèi)僧侶對佛經(jīng)種種不正確的解釋，成為最具聲望的一代高僧。
回國后，玄奘的境遇與出國前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重視，唐高宗李治在為紀念母親而建的慈恩寺內(nèi)造了一座大雁塔，專門用來供放玄奘帶回來的歷7部佛經(jīng)。玄奘在西行路上，途經(jīng)伊吾(今哈密)，當(dāng)高昌王麴文泰得知東土大唐不遠萬里來了一位求法的高僧時，便派人把玄類請來，專門安排在王宮內(nèi)居住，與玄奘結(jié)為兄弟。他還苦口婆心地勸說玄奘留在高昌當(dāng)“國師”，但不能動搖玄類西行探求真經(jīng)的堅志大愿。高昌王無奈，只好請玄類講經(jīng)一月后再走。
臨行前，高昌王為玄奘寫了24封致西域各國的通行文書，還贈送了馬匹和25名仆役。出發(fā)那天，全城夾道相送，高昌王鞠義泰抱住大師失聲勵哭，親自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜別。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事為我們留下了一段舌古佳話，以致吳承恩的神話小說《西游記》中就有以火焰山等為場景而衍化出的美麗傳奇。
各位游客，高昌故城的參觀即將結(jié)束了。望著這屢經(jīng)歲月剝蝕的故城，在領(lǐng)略它的古老、蒼茫和凝重之余，您還將作何觀感呢?“曾經(jīng)的輝煌將永遠讓人銘記”，或許這就是歷史給我們的啟迪吧!
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇六
各位游客：
歡迎大家來到吐魯番。提起吐魯番，人們就會情不自禁地想起“西部歌王”王洛賓，他那“吐魯番的葡萄熟了，阿娜爾罕的心兒醉了”，美妙的歌詞，動人的旋律，把我們帶入了一個如詩如畫的境界。下面就讓我們走進吐魯番，共同去感受一下它的神奇魅力吧!
吐魯番的地理特點→氣候特征
“最熱、最低、最旱、最甜”，這是人們對吐魯番的形象描述，也準確地概括了吐魯番的地理和氣候特點。
游客們，我們先來介紹一下吐魯番的地理位置和地形特征。吐魯番地區(qū)位于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的中部，東面與哈密接壤，西、南面與巴音郭楞接壤，西北距烏魯木齊市183、公里，北面與昌吉毗鄰。東西長約300公里，南北寬約240公里，面積6.四萬平方公里，占全疆總面積的4.2%。地形特點是兩山夾一盆，博格達山和庫魯克塔格山南北夾峙，中間是吐魯番盆地。地區(qū)下轄二縣一市，即都善縣、托克遜縣和吐魯番市?？?cè)丝诩s52萬。主要民族有維吾爾、漢、回、哈薩克、滿、俄羅斯等。
吐魯番盆地是天山東部一個東西橫置的形如橄欖狀的山間盆地，四周環(huán)山，北高南低，西寬東窄。由于距今約3000萬年前的喜馬拉雅造山運動，塑造了奇特多樣的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和地貌形態(tài)。北面有常年覆蓋著皚皚白雪的海拔5445米的天山博格達峰，中部有橫臥東西綿延100公里的赤熱的火焰山，還有火焰山脈中聞名天下的7公里長的葡萄溝，最奇特的是低于海平面154米的盆底艾丁湖，是我國最低的盆地，在世界上也僅次子低于海平面391米的約旦死海，為世界第二低地。吐魯番盆地集雪山、河谷、沙丘、湖泊為一體，猶如一幅巨型的風(fēng)景畫卷，讓人駐足流連。
由于其獨特的地理環(huán)境，吐魯番成了中國夏季氣溫最高的地方，每年6—8月，這里平均氣溫為35℃一37℃之間，極端最高氣溫達49.6℃，而地表溫度超過70℃，所以人們形容這里“沙窩里能烤熟雞蛋，石板上能烙熟大餅”。當(dāng)我們的汽車行駛穿梭在村莊里時，還可以看到這樣新奇的現(xiàn)象，即家家戶戶的床都放在屋外，當(dāng)?shù)氐木用窬褪沁@樣來度過炎熱的夏季的。因此從古到今人們把吐魯番稱為“火洲”也是恰如其分的。不過，盡管這里絕對溫度很高，但晝夜溫差較大，外加盆地中常刮大風(fēng)，即使白天酷熱難當(dāng)，一旦太陽下山，夜幕降臨， 氣溫也會逐漸涼爽下來。特別是春秋兩季，溫差更加明顯，早 晚和中午，儼然兩個季節(jié)，“早穿皮襖午穿紗”是吐魯番盆地氣候特點的真實寫照。
吐魯番干旱少雨，這里全年中幾乎有10個月不見雨雪，年平均降水量為16.6毫米，但蒸發(fā)量卻高達3000毫米。降水的季節(jié)，主要集中在夏季。由于雨量小、雨點粗、降水時間極短，因此，人們常以“干燥無雨”來形容吐魯番盆地的氣候。作為降水量一部分的降雪量在吐魯番盆地更是稀少，市內(nèi)冬季降雪平均不足2毫米。然而博格達峰的終年積雪卻為盆地提供了無盡的水源，當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兺ㄟ^開挖坎爾井，將雪山融水通過地下潛流引向地面，灌溉良田，孕育了生機盎然的沙漠綠洲。
封閉的盆地，稀薄的云量，強烈的太陽輻射，極高的氣溫，形成了豐富的熱量資源。天高云淡的吐魯番盆地，年日照時數(shù)達3000小時以上。豐富的熱量資源，為瓜果、棉花等喜溫作物提供了理想的生長環(huán)境。如馳名中外的吐魯番葡萄就有20xx多年的種植史，品種多達300余個，經(jīng)檢測，吐魯番葡萄的含糖量高達22%一26%，超過含糖量最高的美國加利福尼亞葡萄(含糖量為20%)，是世界上最甜的葡萄。
游客們，在介紹了吐魯番的地理概況后，我們再來回顧一下它的歷史：
吐魯番，古稱高昌、西州、火州，早在20xx多年前的西漢時期，就成了西域地區(qū)的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化的中心，是古代絲綢之路上的著名重鎮(zhèn)。當(dāng)?shù)剀噹熑怂ǖ能噹熐皣诖朔Q雄一時，兩晉時這里是西域都護府所在地，建立了“高昌郡”。麴氏高昌王國滅亡后，唐朝在這里設(shè)置了“西州”。宋代漠北 回鶻人大舉西遷，又建立了高昌王國。元明兩代改設(shè)“火州”、“和州”。清設(shè)吐魯番直隸廳。民國2年(公元1920xx年)設(shè)置吐魯番縣。1985年撤縣設(shè)吐魯番市。
吐魯番還是新疆最早對外開放的地區(qū)之一。自漢唐以來，對外交流就十分頻繁，來往于中原和印度、波斯、地中海沿岸的商人、僧侶、使節(jié)絡(luò)繹不絕，給吐魯番留下了許多美麗的傳說。
游客們，來到吐魯番，仿佛翻閱了一幅厚重的歷史畫卷。 這里有飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)爭滄桑的交河故城、高昌故城，還有精美絢麗的柏孜克里克干佛洞壁畫，以及被譽為地下博物館的阿斯塔那古墓群，伊斯蘭風(fēng)格古建筑蘇公塔等……它們向人們展示著不同時代的歷史風(fēng)貌。
歷史給吐魯番留下的不僅僅是遺址，還有悠久的文化，這里的民俗風(fēng)情濃郁多彩，這里的人們熱情奔放，能歌善舞。倘若入夜在吐魯番賓館葡萄架下一邊品嘗瓜果，一邊欣賞“麥西萊甫”晚會，一定會使您暑氣盡消，心曠神怡。
游客們，吐魯番的概況就向大家介到這里。或許有的游客要說，講了半天，我還沒有把“吐魯番”三個字的漢語意思表達出來。是的，吐魯番是突厥語，意為“富庶豐饒的地方”，聽了名字的翻譯再對照前面的介紹，您是否也有同樣的感受呢?但愿吐魯番這個美麗富饒的地方能給您的旅行增加更多的樂趣。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇七
高昌故城為1961年3月4日國務(wù)院公布的第一批全國重點文物保護單位。
高昌故城位于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)吐魯番市東面40公里的火焰山腳下，是新疆境內(nèi)最大的一座歷史文化名城。
高昌城濫觴于西漢時期的屯墾戍堡，從軍事?lián)c發(fā)展為郡縣級城市和地方政權(quán)的都城(間或為中央政權(quán)轄屬的州縣)，大致經(jīng)歷了高昌壁、高昌郡城、高昌國都、唐西州城、回鶻高昌及高昌回鶻國都五個歷史時期。至明初城址廢棄，歷經(jīng)1400余年。公元前48年，西漢政府始于吐魯番“置戊己校尉，使屯田車師故地”，于高昌設(shè)據(jù)點，稱“高昌壁”。東漢安帝延光二年(公元120xx年)，改名為“高昌壘”，隸屬涼州敦煌郡。公元320xx年西晉亡后，高昌為前涼領(lǐng)地。建興十五年(東晉咸和二年，公元320xx年)，在該地設(shè)高昌郡。公元376年之后，高昌先后隸屬于十六國的前秦、后涼、段氏北涼、西涼、沮渠氏北涼政權(quán)。公元442年9月，沮渠氏北涼政權(quán)統(tǒng)一了高昌地區(qū)，據(jù)高昌為政治中心。公元460年，高昌獨立建國，高昌城正式成為國都。公元640年，唐滅高昌國，以其地置西州，高昌為西州治所，同時亦為高昌縣治所。公元792年，西州陷于吐蕃。公元866年，北庭回鶻首領(lǐng)仆固俊攻占西州并在其地立國建都，史稱“西州回鶻”或“高昌回鶻”。公元十二世紀時，高昌回鶻一度處在西遼統(tǒng)治定;十三世紀初又成為元朝附庸國。公元1283年前后，高昌回鶻王室被元朝東遷至甘肅永昌，亦都護高昌王名義上仍保持對高昌地區(qū)的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)權(quán)，但高昌城從此逐漸失去了政治經(jīng)濟中心的地位。公元1383年，黑的兒火者即位為別失八里察合臺汗，率軍對吐魯番地區(qū)進行“圣戰(zhàn)”，強迫當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裥欧钜了固m教，高昌城因此毀于戰(zhàn)火。
高昌故城現(xiàn)存有外城、內(nèi)城和宮城三部分城墻的遺址。
外城城墻：平面輪廓呈不規(guī)則方形。周長約5440米(北墻1320米、西墻1370米、南墻1420米、東墻1320米)，圍合面積198公頃(以城墻外緣計)。各面城墻保存狀況不一，約有一半以上的墻體殘損嚴重，墻體普遍存在裂隙。墻體大多殘缺，可見多次修補貼筑痕跡，上部多處以土坯補砌。殘存的墻基厚9～12米，墻體最高約達10余米。墻體以夯土筑成，夯層厚8～12厘米，留有上下數(shù)層絍木孔，孔內(nèi)襯土坯，呈方孔狀。墻體外附墩臺、馬面，做法與城墻相同。
內(nèi)城城墻：東墻缺失;西墻北段僅存數(shù)段殘墻;南段有墩臺狀遺址，殘高約8米，占地面積2500平方米。墻體掏挖、穿行現(xiàn)象嚴重;南墻西段殘缺，中段與東段僅余缺損嚴重的墻體殘段;北墻殘存西端及中段，周長約3420米，圍合面積約80公頃;殘存的墻基厚10～11米，高度不等。墻體夯土筑成，可見上下數(shù)層絍木孔痕跡。墻體殘損嚴重，表面普遍存在裂隙。
宮城城墻：現(xiàn)狀僅存南、北、西三面，東墻缺失，規(guī)模不詳。墻體均為夯土，可見絍木孔痕跡，殘高6～8米。
高昌故城遺址座落在吐魯番盆地北緣與火焰山南麓戈壁灘接壤的沖積平原地帶，周圍地勢平展。氣候?qū)儆诘湫偷拇箨懶耘瘻貛Щ哪畾夂?，日照充足，熱量豐富，降水稀少，極端干燥。全年平均氣溫14.1℃;年平均日照3049.5小時;高溫期長;溫差大，平均溫差14～15℃; 極端最高氣溫47.7℃;無霜期在220天左右;年降水16.6毫米，蒸發(fā)量在2800毫米以上，空氣濕度30%左右。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇八
各位游客：
歡迎大家來到吐魯番。提起吐魯番，人們就會情不自禁地想起“西部歌王”王洛賓，他那“吐魯番的葡萄熟了，阿娜爾罕的心兒醉了”，美妙的歌詞，動人的旋律，把我們帶入了一個如詩如畫的境界。下面就讓我們走進吐魯番，共同去感受一下它的神奇魅力吧!
吐魯番的地理特點→氣候特征
“最熱、最低、最旱、最甜”，這是人們對吐魯番的形象描述，也準確地概括了吐魯番的地理和氣候特點。
游客們，我們先來介紹一下吐魯番的地理位置和地形特征。吐魯番地區(qū)位于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的中部，東面與哈密接壤，西、南面與巴音郭楞接壤，西北距烏魯木齊市183、公里，北面與昌吉毗鄰。東西長約300公里，南北寬約240公里，面積6.四萬平方公里，占全疆總面積的4.2%。地形特點是兩山夾一盆，博格達山和庫魯克塔格山南北夾峙，中間是吐魯番盆地。地區(qū)下轄二縣一市，即都善縣、托克遜縣和吐魯番市?？?cè)丝诩s52萬。主要民族有維吾爾、漢、回、哈薩克、滿、俄羅斯等。
吐魯番盆地是天山東部一個東西橫置的形如橄欖狀的山間盆地，四周環(huán)山，北高南低，西寬東窄。由于距今約3000萬年前的喜馬拉雅造山運動，塑造了奇特多樣的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和地貌形態(tài)。北面有常年覆蓋著皚皚白雪的海拔5445米的天山博格達峰，中部有橫臥東西綿延100公里的赤熱的火焰山，還有火焰山脈中聞名天下的7公里長的葡萄溝，最奇特的是低于海平面154米的盆底艾丁湖，是我國最低的盆地，在世界上也僅次子低于海平面391米的約旦死海，為世界第二低地。吐魯番盆地集雪山、河谷、沙丘、湖泊為一體，猶如一幅巨型的風(fēng)景畫卷，讓人駐足流連。
由于其獨特的地理環(huán)境，吐魯番成了中國夏季氣溫最高的地方，每年6—8月，這里平均氣溫為35℃一37℃之間，極端最高氣溫達49.6℃，而地表溫度超過70℃，所以人們形容這里“沙窩里能烤熟雞蛋，石板上能烙熟大餅”。當(dāng)我們的汽車行駛穿梭在村莊里時，還可以看到這樣新奇的現(xiàn)象，即家家戶戶的床都放在屋外，當(dāng)?shù)氐木用窬褪沁@樣來度過炎熱的夏季的。因此從古到今人們把吐魯番稱為“火洲”也是恰如其分的。不過，盡管這里絕對溫度很高，但晝夜溫差較大，外加盆地中常刮大風(fēng)，即使白天酷熱難當(dāng)，一旦太陽下山，夜幕降臨， 氣溫也會逐漸涼爽下來。特別是春秋兩季，溫差更加明顯，早 晚和中午，儼然兩個季節(jié)，“早穿皮襖午穿紗”是吐魯番盆地氣候特點的真實寫照。
吐魯番干旱少雨，這里全年中幾乎有10個月不見雨雪，年平均降水量為16.6毫米，但蒸發(fā)量卻高達3000毫米。降水的季節(jié)，主要集中在夏季。由于雨量小、雨點粗、降水時間極短，因此，人們常以“干燥無雨”來形容吐魯番盆地的氣候。作為降水量一部分的降雪量在吐魯番盆地更是稀少，市內(nèi)冬季降雪平均不足2毫米。然而博格達峰的終年積雪卻為盆地提供了無盡的水源，當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兺ㄟ^開挖坎爾井，將雪山融水通過地下潛流引向地面，灌溉良田，孕育了生機盎然的沙漠綠洲。
封閉的盆地，稀薄的云量，強烈的太陽輻射，極高的氣溫，形成了豐富的熱量資源。天高云淡的吐魯番盆地，年日照時數(shù)達3000小時以上。豐富的熱量資源，為瓜果、棉花等喜溫作物提供了理想的生長環(huán)境。如馳名中外的吐魯番葡萄就有20__多年的種植史，品種多達300余個，經(jīng)檢測，吐魯番葡萄的含糖量高達22%一26%，超過含糖量最高的美國加利福尼亞葡萄(含糖量為20%)，是世界上最甜的葡萄。
游客們，在介紹了吐魯番的地理概況后，我們再來回顧一下它的歷史：
吐魯番，古稱高昌、西州、火州，早在20__多年前的西漢時期，就成了西域地區(qū)的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化的中心，是古代絲綢之路上的著名重鎮(zhèn)。當(dāng)?shù)剀噹熑怂ǖ能噹熐皣诖朔Q雄一時，兩晉時這里是西域都護府所在地，建立了“高昌郡”。麴氏高昌王國滅亡后，唐朝在這里設(shè)置了“西州”。宋代漠北 回鶻人大舉西遷，又建立了高昌王國。元明兩代改設(shè)“火州”、“和州”。清設(shè)吐魯番直隸廳。民國2年(公元1913年)設(shè)置吐魯番縣。1985年撤縣設(shè)吐魯番市。
吐魯番還是新疆最早對外開放的地區(qū)之一。自漢唐以來，對外交流就十分頻繁，來往于中原和印度、波斯、地中海沿岸的商人、僧侶、使節(jié)絡(luò)繹不絕，給吐魯番留下了許多美麗的傳說。
游客們，來到吐魯番，仿佛翻閱了一幅厚重的歷史畫卷。 這里有飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)爭滄桑的交河故城、高昌故城，還有精美絢麗的柏孜克里克干佛洞壁畫，以及被譽為地下博物館的阿斯塔那古墓群，伊斯蘭風(fēng)格古建筑蘇公塔等……它們向人們展示著不同時代的歷史風(fēng)貌。
歷史給吐魯番留下的不僅僅是遺址，還有悠久的文化，這里的民俗風(fēng)情濃郁多彩，這里的人們熱情奔放，能歌善舞。倘若入夜在吐魯番賓館葡萄架下一邊品嘗瓜果，一邊欣賞“麥西萊甫”晚會，一定會使您暑氣盡消，心曠神怡。
游客們，吐魯番的概況就向大家介到這里?；蛟S有的游客要說，講了半天，我還沒有把“吐魯番”三個字的漢語意思表達出來。是的，吐魯番是突厥語，意為“富庶豐饒的地方”，聽了名字的翻譯再對照前面的介紹，您是否也有同樣的感受呢?但愿吐魯番這個美麗富饒的地方能給您的旅行增加更多的樂趣。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇九
各位游客：
新疆是我國最大的葡萄產(chǎn)區(qū)，也是我國栽培葡萄的發(fā)源地。據(jù)調(diào)查，新疆葡萄共有50多個品種。尤其在吐魯番，到處種植著葡萄，占全疆葡萄種植面積的90%以上，簡直成了“葡萄的王國”。吐魯番的葡萄勾起了我們無限遐想。在新疆各族人民中傳唱的“吐魯番的葡萄熟了，阿娜爾罕的心兒醉了”的美妙歌詞，就充分表達了人們對葡萄的贊美之情。葡萄被人們譽為“珍珠和瑪瑙”，成了新疆“瓜果之鄉(xiāng)”的象征。下面就讓我們前往吐魯番最美麗的地方葡萄溝，去體會一下阿娜爾罕陶醉的心情吧!
游客們，我們的汽車行駛在火焰山旁，山的西端就是葡萄溝。
葡萄溝是火焰山山脈中一塊呈南北走向的河谷地，全長7公里，最寬處約2公里。其間布滿了葡萄園，居住著維吾爾、回、漢等民族的果農(nóng)。倘若您走進葡萄溝，就會看到源于天山的人民渠水穿谷而過，樹木繁茂，空氣濕潤，氣候涼爽宜人，與熾熱的火焰山形成了鮮明的反差。舉目望火山，低頭看綠地，真不愧是炎夏避暑的好地方。
葡萄園→無核白葡萄→葡萄干晾房 我們現(xiàn)在來到了葡萄園內(nèi)，只見這里的葡萄似遮天的綠云、鋪地的綠毯，片片相接，架架相連，綠陰蔽日，碩果累累。 葡萄溝內(nèi)的葡萄園占地約400多公頃，主要品種有無核白葡萄和馬奶子葡萄，還有玫瑰紅、喀什哈爾、比夾干、黑葡萄、索 索葡萄等。此外，還有從國外引進的京早晶、艾麥納、無核紫、無核紅、玫瑰香等優(yōu)良葡萄品種。其果形各異，有球形、卵形、圓柱形、橢圓形等，有的鮮艷似瑪瑙，有的晶瑩如珍珠，而有的碧綠若翡翠。這里年產(chǎn)葡萄逾6000噸，晾制葡萄干300余噸，堪稱是“世界葡萄植物園”。
新疆葡萄中的佼佼者是無核白葡萄，葡萄溝內(nèi)就普遍種植著這種葡萄。瞧!那一串串掛在葡萄架上的果粒橢圓、果呈淺黃綠色的“綠色珍珠”就是無核白。它皮薄肉脆，汁多味甜，鮮果含糖量達24%以上，超過了美國加利福尼亞州葡萄的含糖量，成為世界上最甜的葡萄。由于它沒有籽，最適合晾制葡萄干，晾干后其含糖量可達75%以上，并含有蛋白質(zhì)、有機酸等多種養(yǎng)分，是營養(yǎng)豐富的干果佳品。晶瑩如玉的無核白葡萄干，色澤碧綠鮮艷，食之酸甜可口，被稱為“中國綠珍珠”。
葡萄溝中栽培面積居第二位的是馬奶子葡萄，它果粒呈長柱形或紡錘形，果皮薄而韌，汁多而肉質(zhì)松脆，沒有香味，但特別甜。值得一提的是，吐魯番盆地由于具有地勢低洼、氣溫高、降水少、太陽輻射強等獨的自然條件，因此所有葡萄都沒有病蟲害，更不需噴灑農(nóng)藥，從而使新疆葡萄干這一品牌名揚海內(nèi)外，成為難得的天然無毒果品。
游客們，漫步在綠色長廊之中，望著這誘人的葡萄，真是無比地愜意! 剛才有的游客問道：葡萄干是怎樣制成的?瞧!前方那平頂、長方形、土木結(jié)構(gòu)的小房子就是專門為晾制葡萄干而蓋的晾房。晾房墻壁是由土塊砌成的有孔花墻，長方形的小孔主要起到自由通風(fēng)的作用。晾房的門多設(shè)在北邊或東邊，這樣一方面可減少陽光的射入，另一方面在運輸葡萄時，如晾房一 時容納不下，可暫時放在晾房外北墻邊，數(shù)小時內(nèi)不會被陽光照到，制干后的品質(zhì)不變。在吐魯番，這樣的晾房隨處可見，但多數(shù)建造在山坡高處或溝岸上地形開闊平坦、通風(fēng)和干燥等條件良好的地方。說到這里，游客們或許已經(jīng)明白了吐魯番的葡萄干制作方法也有獨特之處，它既不同于其他國家利用陽光曝曬，也不是利用人工加溫烘干，而完全是憑借干燥溫暖的氣候自然風(fēng)干的。這樣完全保存了葡萄果實中的葉綠素，使葡萄呈干綠色，這在世界年產(chǎn)約印萬噸的葡萄干中，也可算是一種獨占望頭的佳品了。
吐魯番除了葡萄干外，葡萄酒也非常有名，色香味俱佳， 而且釀制歷史十分悠久，唐代詩人王翰曾有詩贊道：“葡萄美灑夜光杯，欲飲琵琶馬上催。醉臥沙場君莫笑，古來征戰(zhàn)幾人回?！痹娙说拿洌瑢⑵咸衙谰频纳耥嵟c馳騁疆場的將軍的豪邁氣概描述得出神入化。
游客們，現(xiàn)在我們來到了葡萄溝的北部，前面一塊大理石碑上寫著“葡萄溝”三字，這是前人大會委員長彭真同志的手跡，大家可在此攝影留念。
這里流水潺潺，葡萄滿架。我們漫步在葡萄長廊，宛若暢游江南園林，渾然不知身處烈日炎炎的火焰山中。穿過石橋，置身在葡萄王國中，只見懸崖絕壁的砂礫層中滲出的泉水，匯流成池，池中游魚，仿佛也和游人一樣，怡然自樂，魚樂人亦樂，泉清心更清。
游客們，現(xiàn)在我們在葡萄溝長廊下憩息片刻，大家圍坐一起，一邊欣賞周圍的景觀，一邊品嘗色彩各異、大小有別、味道不同的各種現(xiàn)摘葡萄和瓜果，盡情地過把吃葡萄癮。順便介紹一下，從1990年開始，每年的8月20日至26 日，“中國絲綢之路吐魯番葡萄節(jié)”都要在吐魯番隆重舉行。 吐魯番的葡萄已突破了自身的界限，成為一種文化交流的橋梁和經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易往來的紐帶。
旅游區(qū)內(nèi)還有葡萄博物館、葡萄酒品嘗點、民俗館等其他參觀設(shè)施，以及維吾爾族民樂表演，休息片刻后我們再去參觀欣賞。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇十
高昌故城遺址坐落在吐魯番市東面約四十公里的哈拉和卓鄉(xiāng)所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木頭溝溝口(勝金口)約6.5公里，東距鄯善縣城約55公里，屬吐魯番文物局管轄。它是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門戶。高昌故城的維吾爾語稱亦都護城，即"王城"之意，因為此城為高昌回鶻王國的都城，故名。
1961年被國務(wù)院公布為全國重點文保護單位。被譽為“長安遠在西域的翻版”曾經(jīng)有一位考古學(xué)家這樣說“如果想知道盛唐時的長安城是什么樣，就來吐魯番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐時長安遠在西域的翻版”時光已逝千年，但當(dāng)時的繁盛仍依稀可見。
高昌故城奠基于公元前一世紀，是西漢王朝在車師前國境內(nèi)的屯田部隊所建?！稘h書》中最早提到了“高昌壁”?！侗笔?西域傳》記載：“昔漢武遣兵西討，師旅頓敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地勢高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。漢、魏、晉歷代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被稱為“戊己校尉城”。
公元320__年，前涼張駿在此“置高昌郡，立田地縣”(《初學(xué)記》卷八引顧野三《輿地志》)。繼之又先后為河西走廊的前奏、后涼、西涼、北涼所管轄。442年，北涼殘余勢力在沮渠無諱率領(lǐng)下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政權(quán)。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，滅車師前國，吐魯番盆地政治、經(jīng)濟、文化的中心遂由交河城完全轉(zhuǎn)移到高昌城。460年，柔然人殺北涼王安周，“以闞伯周為高昌王。高昌之稱王自此始也”(《周書。高昌傳》)。
此后張、馬、麴氏在高昌相繼稱王，其中以麴氏高昌統(tǒng)治時間最長，達一百四十余年(499-640)。
這些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的冊封。麴伯雅還曾到隋朝長安朝覲，并娶隋華容公主為妻。
640年，唐吏部尚書侯君集帶兵統(tǒng)一了高昌，在此置西州，下轄高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五縣。由侯君集所得高昌國戶籍檔案統(tǒng)計，當(dāng)時有人口三萬七千。
八世紀末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占據(jù)了高昌。
九世紀中葉以后，漠北草原回鶻汗國衰亡后，西遷的部分余眾攻下高昌，在此建立了回鶻高昌國。其疆域最盛時包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龜茲二都督府之地。此外還統(tǒng)有分布在羅布淖一帶的眾熨及其它一些別的民族或部落，地域范圍遠遠超過了今吐魯番盆地。1220__年，高昌回鶻臣附蒙古，成吉思汗賜回鶻高昌王為自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。
十三世紀以后，天山以北廣大地區(qū)的西北蒙古游牧貴族以海都、都哇為首發(fā)動叛亂，堅持“仍舊要生活在草原上，不能到城市地區(qū)去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣屬于元朝的回鶻高昌國，1275年一次出兵十二萬圍攻火州(高昌)達半年之久，后來亦都護(高昌王號)火赤哈爾的斤終于戰(zhàn)死在同海都、都哇的戰(zhàn)爭中。這場戰(zhàn)火延續(xù)四十余年之久，高昌城在戰(zhàn)亂中被毀。
元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗冊封繼承高王位的火赤哈爾的斤的兒子紐林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“領(lǐng)兵火州，復(fù)立畏兀兒城池”(《元史?巴而術(shù)阿爾忒的斤傳》)。由于高昌城在戰(zhàn)火中毀壞過甚，這次重建的火州城已不在高昌舊址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝統(tǒng)治瓦解后，火洲部割據(jù)處稱“地面”，故《明史》稱：“火州……東有荒城，即高昌國都”。
登高眺望，全程平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形，布局可以分為外城、內(nèi)城和宮城三部分。城垣保存較完整。
外城略呈方形，周長約五公里，占地面二百萬平方米。城墻為夯筑，墻基厚約12米，高11.5米，周長約5公里;夯土筑成，夯層厚8-12厘米，間雜少量的土坯，有清楚地夾棍眼;城垣外側(cè)有突出的垛臺一“馬面”建筑。
高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一萬平方米，由大門、庭院、講經(jīng)堂、藏經(jīng)樓、大殿、僧房等組成。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫上的聯(lián)珠紋圖案分析，其建筑年代約在公元六世紀。寺院附近還殘存一些“坊”、“市”遺址，可能是小手工業(yè)者的作坊和商業(yè)市場。外城的東南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多邊形的塔和一個禮拜窟(支提窟)，是城內(nèi)唯一保存有較好壁畫的地方。從壁畫的風(fēng)格和塔的造型分析，為回鶻高昌后期(公元12-13世紀)的建筑。
內(nèi)城北部正中有一平面不規(guī)則略呈正方形的小堡壘，當(dāng)?shù)亟小翱珊贡ぁ?。堡?nèi)北面的高臺上有一高達十五米的夯筑方形塔狀建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下雙層建筑物，現(xiàn)僅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有寬大的階梯式門道供出入，規(guī)模雖不大，但與交河故城現(xiàn)存唐代最豪華的一所官署衙門建筑形式相同，可能是一宮殿遺址。解放前，一支德國考察隊曾在堡內(nèi)東南角盜掘出一方“北涼承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政權(quán)的北涼王，據(jù)該碑推斷，此堡可能是當(dāng)時的宮城，并有王室寺院。
北部的宮城內(nèi)留存許多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高達四層的宮殿建筑遺址。
高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在這里。整個墓群從城東北一直延伸到城西北，東西長約五公里，南北寬兩公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世紀初以來，在這里發(fā)掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文書、絲毛棉麻織物、墓志、錢幣、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、繪畫、農(nóng)作物、瓜果食品等各種歷史文物，數(shù)以萬計。
實地考察，證之文獻資料，高昌郡時期高昌城已經(jīng)有了現(xiàn)存的內(nèi)城。外城墻是麴氏高昌時期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的屬于這一時期的文書中有“北坊中城”、“東南坊”、“西南坊”等記載，說明當(dāng)時此城已經(jīng)有中、外之分，東、南、西、北之別。見于文書中的城門有青陽門、建陽門、玄德門、武城門、金章門、金福門等。敦煌莫高窟藏經(jīng)洞發(fā)現(xiàn)的《西州圖經(jīng)》中記：“圣人塔，在子城東北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宮城在今“可汗堡”內(nèi)。麴氏高昌時期隨著外城的修建，宮城遂遷移到北部，南面而王，與隋唐時長安城的布局相似。回鶻高昌時期宮城內(nèi)又曾大興土木。
漢唐以來，高昌是連接中原中亞、歐洲的樞紐。經(jīng)貿(mào)活動十分活躍，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)由高昌傳入內(nèi)地，毫不夸張的說，它是世界古代宗教最活躍最發(fā)達的地方，也是世界宗教文化薈萃的寶地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，為了提高佛教學(xué)水平，不畏殺身之禍，于公元620__年偷偷離開長安，出玉門，經(jīng)高昌，沿絲綢中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度諸國，歷時20__年。在高昌，玄奘誦經(jīng)講佛，與高昌王拜為兄弟，留下一段千古佳話。
高昌故城自公元前一世紀建高昌壁，到十三世紀廢棄，使用了一千三百多年。始建時間距今已有兩千多年了。它是吐魯番地區(qū)千年滄桑的見證。
1988年被列為國家級重點文物保護單位。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇十一
高昌故城遺址坐落在吐魯番市東面約四十公里的哈拉和卓鄉(xiāng)所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木頭溝溝口(勝金口)約6.5公里，東距鄯善縣城約55公里，屬吐魯番文物局管轄。它是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門戶。高昌故城的維吾爾語稱亦都護城，即"王城"之意，因為此城為高昌回鶻王國的都城，故名。
1961年被國務(wù)院公布為全國重點文保護單位。被譽為“長安遠在西域的翻版”曾經(jīng)有一位考古學(xué)家這樣說“如果想知道盛唐時的長安城是什么樣，就來吐魯番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐時長安遠在西域的翻版”時光已逝千年，但當(dāng)時的繁盛仍依稀可見。
高昌故城奠基于公元前一世紀，是西漢王朝在車師前國境內(nèi)的屯田部隊所建?！稘h書》中最早提到了“高昌壁”?！侗笔?西域傳》記載：“昔漢武遣兵西討，師旅頓敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地勢高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。漢、魏、晉歷代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被稱為“戊己校尉城”。
公元320xx年，前涼張駿在此“置高昌郡，立田地縣”(《初學(xué)記》卷八引顧野三《輿地志》)。繼之又先后為河西走廊的前奏、后涼、西涼、北涼所管轄。442年，北涼殘余勢力在沮渠無諱率領(lǐng)下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政權(quán)。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，滅車師前國，吐魯番盆地政治、經(jīng)濟、文化的中心遂由交河城完全轉(zhuǎn)移到高昌城。460年，柔然人殺北涼王安周，“以闞伯周為高昌王。高昌之稱王自此始也”(《周書。高昌傳》)。
此后張、馬、麴氏在高昌相繼稱王，其中以麴氏高昌統(tǒng)治時間最長，達一百四十余年(499-640)。
這些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的冊封。麴伯雅還曾到隋朝長安朝覲，并娶隋華容公主為妻。
640年，唐吏部尚書侯君集帶兵統(tǒng)一了高昌，在此置西州，下轄高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五縣。由侯君集所得高昌國戶籍檔案統(tǒng)計，當(dāng)時有人口三萬七千。
八世紀末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占據(jù)了高昌。
九世紀中葉以后，漠北草原回鶻汗國衰亡后，西遷的部分余眾攻下高昌，在此建立了回鶻高昌國。其疆域最盛時包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龜茲二都督府之地。此外還統(tǒng)有分布在羅布淖一帶的眾熨及其它一些別的民族或部落，地域范圍遠遠超過了今吐魯番盆地。1220xx年，高昌回鶻臣附蒙古，成吉思汗賜回鶻高昌王為自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。
十三世紀以后，天山以北廣大地區(qū)的西北蒙古游牧貴族以海都、都哇為首發(fā)動叛亂，堅持“仍舊要生活在草原上，不能到城市地區(qū)去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣屬于元朝的回鶻高昌國，1275年一次出兵十二萬圍攻火州(高昌)達半年之久，后來亦都護(高昌王號)火赤哈爾的斤終于戰(zhàn)死在同海都、都哇的戰(zhàn)爭中。這場戰(zhàn)火延續(xù)四十余年之久，高昌城在戰(zhàn)亂中被毀。
元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗冊封繼承高王位的火赤哈爾的斤的兒子紐林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“領(lǐng)兵火州，復(fù)立畏兀兒城池”(《元史?巴而術(shù)阿爾忒的斤傳》)。由于高昌城在戰(zhàn)火中毀壞過甚，這次重建的火州城已不在高昌舊址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝統(tǒng)治瓦解后，火洲部割據(jù)處稱“地面”，故《明史》稱：“火州……東有荒城，即高昌國都”。
登高眺望，全程平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形，布局可以分為外城、內(nèi)城和宮城三部分。城垣保存較完整。
外城略呈方形，周長約五公里，占地面二百萬平方米。城墻為夯筑，墻基厚約12米，高11.5米，周長約5公里;夯土筑成，夯層厚8-12厘米，間雜少量的土坯，有清楚地夾棍眼;城垣外側(cè)有突出的垛臺一“馬面”建筑。
高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一萬平方米，由大門、庭院、講經(jīng)堂、藏經(jīng)樓、大殿、僧房等組成。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫上的聯(lián)珠紋圖案分析，其建筑年代約在公元六世紀。寺院附近還殘存一些“坊”、“市”遺址，可能是小手工業(yè)者的作坊和商業(yè)市場。外城的東南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多邊形的塔和一個禮拜窟(支提窟)，是城內(nèi)唯一保存有較好壁畫的地方。從壁畫的風(fēng)格和塔的造型分析，為回鶻高昌后期(公元12-13世紀)的建筑。
內(nèi)城北部正中有一平面不規(guī)則略呈正方形的小堡壘，當(dāng)?shù)亟小翱珊贡ぁ?。堡?nèi)北面的高臺上有一高達十五米的夯筑方形塔狀建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下雙層建筑物，現(xiàn)僅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有寬大的階梯式門道供出入，規(guī)模雖不大，但與交河故城現(xiàn)存唐代最豪華的一所官署衙門建筑形式相同，可能是一宮殿遺址。解放前，一支德國考察隊曾在堡內(nèi)東南角盜掘出一方“北涼承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政權(quán)的北涼王，據(jù)該碑推斷，此堡可能是當(dāng)時的宮城，并有王室寺院。
北部的宮城內(nèi)留存許多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高達四層的宮殿建筑遺址。
高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在這里。整個墓群從城東北一直延伸到城西北，東西長約五公里，南北寬兩公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世紀初以來，在這里發(fā)掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文書、絲毛棉麻織物、墓志、錢幣、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、繪畫、農(nóng)作物、瓜果食品等各種歷史文物，數(shù)以萬計。
實地考察，證之文獻資料，高昌郡時期高昌城已經(jīng)有了現(xiàn)存的內(nèi)城。外城墻是麴氏高昌時期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的屬于這一時期的文書中有“北坊中城”、“東南坊”、“西南坊”等記載，說明當(dāng)時此城已經(jīng)有中、外之分，東、南、西、北之別。見于文書中的城門有青陽門、建陽門、玄德門、武城門、金章門、金福門等。敦煌莫高窟藏經(jīng)洞發(fā)現(xiàn)的《西州圖經(jīng)》中記：“圣人塔，在子城東北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宮城在今“可汗堡”內(nèi)。麴氏高昌時期隨著外城的修建，宮城遂遷移到北部，南面而王，與隋唐時長安城的布局相似?；佞X高昌時期宮城內(nèi)又曾大興土木。
漢唐以來，高昌是連接中原中亞、歐洲的樞紐。經(jīng)貿(mào)活動十分活躍，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)由高昌傳入內(nèi)地，毫不夸張的說，它是世界古代宗教最活躍最發(fā)達的地方，也是世界宗教文化薈萃的寶地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，為了提高佛教學(xué)水平，不畏殺身之禍，于公元620xx年偷偷離開長安，出玉門，經(jīng)高昌，沿絲綢中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度諸國，歷時20xx年。在高昌，玄奘誦經(jīng)講佛，與高昌王拜為兄弟，留下一段千古佳話。
高昌故城自公元前一世紀建高昌壁，到十三世紀廢棄，使用了一千三百多年。始建時間距今已有兩千多年了。它是吐魯番地區(qū)千年滄桑的見證。
1988年被列為國家級重點文物保護單位。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇十二
各位游客：
新疆的吐魯番有兩座中國現(xiàn)存最完全的古城遺址，1961年被列為首批全國重點文物維護單位，分辨是高昌故城和河故城，被稱為吐魯番盆地中一對作風(fēng)不同的“姐妹城”。它們在閱歷了多少千年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨后，現(xiàn)在固然只留下斷壁殘垣，然而當(dāng)年巍峨的城墻仍然氣概恢弘，深陷的護城河輪廓仍歷歷在目。下面讓我們帶著訪古探勝的心境，先去參觀一下高故城吧：
高昌故城的得名→高昌王國的歷史
游客們，高昌故城位于吐魯番以東45公里處的火焰山南麓，即木頭溝河的三角洲地段，這座馳譽中外的西域古都，曾先后為麴氏高昌王國和回鶻高昌王國的都城，歷盡繁榮，曾是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和主要門戶。在前往故城的途中，我先來先容一下它的得名跟歷史。
高昌故城，維吾爾語中稱為“亦都護城”，也就是“王城”的意思?！侗笔犯卟齻鳌分蟹Q它因“地勢高敞，人嫡鼎盛”而得名高昌。
據(jù)歷史記錄，高昌故城始建于公元前1世紀的西漢。當(dāng)時稱為“高昌壁”或“高昌壘”，漢、魏、晉歷代都曾在此設(shè)立“戊己校尉”，治理屯田，抵抗匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元327年，前涼張駿在此設(shè)置高昌郡，首創(chuàng)了西域郡縣制的先河。高昌建國事在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，車師國消亡，柔然破闡氏伯周為王，稱其國為高昌國，從而掀開了高昌王國的序幕。南北朝時代，這里諸王爭霸，但國號仍為“高昌”。公元604年，唐貞觀年間，高昌王勾搭西突厥截斷絲綢之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王國，將高昌改稱“西州”。公元9世紀末，由漠北西遷到此的回鶻人樹立了回鶻高昌國，仍臣屬中原王朝，史稱“西州回鶻”或“高昌回鶻”。1208年，高昌回鶻則順成吉思汗，稱“畏兀兒王國”。1283年，高昌城毀于戰(zhàn)火，高昌回鶻王國滅亡，至此，高昌城被廢?？v觀高昌故城的歷史演化，歷經(jīng)1500多年，其間由盛及衰，演繹了一部西域部族的興亡史。
高昌故城遺址→ 高昌的對外交換→ 高昌文化
游客們，當(dāng)初我們來到了高昌故城遺址。只見殘破的城墻全用黃土夯成，假使登高瞻望，全城平面略呈不規(guī)矩的正方形;分內(nèi)城、內(nèi)城、宮城三部門。布局似唐代的長安城。外城呈正方形，周長5.4公里，城墻最高處達11.5米，城基寬12米。內(nèi)城居于外城正中，周長3600米，現(xiàn)僅存西墻980米，南墻850米。宮城居于外城城北。請看，前方那數(shù)座高3米至4米的土臺稱為“可汗堡”，就是原回鵲高昌的宮廷所在地。這里挖掘出的綠色琉璃瓦、紋飾富麗的石柱礎(chǔ)和巨幅的吹打圖優(yōu)美壁畫，記載了故都昔日的繁華。據(jù)史書記載，鼎盛時期的能城有12個門，市內(nèi)屋宇星羅棋布，有作坊、市場、廟宇和居民區(qū)等建筑，總面積為200萬平方米。密集的民居和街市坊肆建筑群，風(fēng)格與交河故城類似，下挖為院，掏洞為室，不必木料，為吐魯番一奇。
漢唐以來，高昌是銜接中原、中亞、歐洲的樞紐，它既是經(jīng)貿(mào)運動的集散地，又是世界宗教文明的薈萃地。當(dāng)時波斯等地的商人，從他們國度帶來苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、寶石和駿馬來到高昌城，又從這里帶走中原的絲綢、瓷器、茶葉和造紙、炸藥、印刷術(shù)。與此同時，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)高昌傳入內(nèi)地。當(dāng)時的居民先后信仰佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活潑、最發(fā)達的處所。
高昌王國壯盛時期;還孕育了豐盛的高昌文化，成為高昌的可貴遺產(chǎn)。麴氏高昌王國十任國王都是漢人，因此漢文化對高昌的影響不言而喻。但高昌究竟屬于雜胡地帶，車師、回鶻、突厥甚至后來的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族雜居，因而當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?shù)種語言，語種狀態(tài)豐富而有趣。此外，高昌人的衣飾也非常講求，并善于制造美食。聞名中外的高昌古樂，更是高昌人的自豪，它以濃郁的異域風(fēng)情和豐碩的藝術(shù)語匯在漢唐時風(fēng)行，被列入唐朝十部大樂之中，成為中西融會的文化珍寶。能夠這樣懂得，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深沉的體裁底蘊，使之成為代表西域歷史的典型和標(biāo)本。
講經(jīng)堂遺跡→ 唐僧玄奘與高昌
游客們，高昌故城放棄當(dāng)前，被開墾為耕地，大局部地面建筑無影無蹤，遺址保留較好的除城墻外，還有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就讓咱們乘著“驢的”前往參觀。
各位游客，請看這座大佛寺遺址，占地近1萬平方米。細心察看，這座佛寺的山門、講經(jīng)堂、大殿、藏經(jīng)樓、僧舍等建造布局，仍歷歷在目。從修建特點和殘存壁畫上的聯(lián)珠紋圖剖析，其修筑年代屬麴氏高昌中期，約為隋代所建。
說起這座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘還曾到此講過經(jīng)。相傳公元629年(唐貞觀三年)，玄奘29歲時，為了進步佛學(xué)程度，不畏艱險，從長安動身西行，沿絲綢之路到佛國印度游學(xué)取經(jīng)，歷時17年。因為玄類取經(jīng)起初并未得到唐朝政府的支撐，他只能夾在西域商人中出行，由于不政府發(fā)給的公文，路上還曾受到緝捕。然而玄類在戰(zhàn)勝了重重艱苦以后，不僅從印度獲得了佛經(jīng)，而且返回故鄉(xiāng)，著書立說，改正了海內(nèi)僧侶對佛經(jīng)種.種不準確的說明，成為最具名譽的一代高僧。
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇十三
各位游客：
新疆的吐魯番有兩座中國現(xiàn)存最完整的古城遺址，1961年被列為首批全國重點文物保護單位，分別是高昌故城和河故城，被稱為吐魯番盆地中一對風(fēng)格不同的“姐妹城”。它們在經(jīng)歷了幾千年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨后，如今雖然只留下斷壁殘垣，然而當(dāng)年高聳的城墻依然氣勢恢弘，深陷的護城河輪廓仍歷歷在目。下面讓我們帶著訪古探勝的心情，先去參觀一下高故城吧：
高昌故城的得名→高昌王國的歷史
游客們，高昌故城位于吐魯番以東45公里處的火焰山南麓，即木頭溝河的三角洲地段，這座馳名中外的西域古都，曾先后為麴氏高昌王國和回鶻高昌王國的都城，歷盡繁華，曾是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門戶。在前往故城的途中，我先來介紹一下它的得名和歷史。
高昌故城，維吾爾語中稱為“亦都護城”，也就是“王城”的意思?！侗笔?高昌傳》中稱它因“地勢高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。
據(jù)歷史記載，高昌故城始建于公元前1世紀的西漢。當(dāng)時稱為“高昌壁”或“高昌壘”，漢、魏、晉歷代都曾在此設(shè)立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元320__年，前涼張駿在此設(shè)置高昌郡，開創(chuàng)了西域郡縣制的先河。高昌建國是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，車師國滅亡，柔然立闡氏伯周為王，稱其國為高昌國，從而掀開了高昌王國的序幕。南北朝時期，這里諸王爭霸，但國號仍為“高昌”。公元620__年，唐貞觀年間，高昌王勾結(jié)西突厥截斷絲綢之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王國，將高昌改稱“西州”。公元9世紀末，由漠北西遷到此的回鶻人建立了回鶻高昌國，仍臣屬中原王朝，史稱“西州回鶻”或“高昌回鶻”。1220__年，高昌回鶻則順成吉思汗，稱“畏兀兒王國”。1283年，高昌城毀于戰(zhàn)火，高昌回鶻王國滅亡，至此，高昌城被廢。 縱觀高昌故城的歷史演變，歷經(jīng)1500多年，其間由盛及衰，演繹了一部西域部族的興亡史。
高昌故城遺址→高昌的對外交流→高昌文化
游客們，現(xiàn)在我們來到了高昌故城遺址。只見殘破的城墻全用黃土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形;分外城、內(nèi)城、宮城三部分。布局似唐代的長安城。外城呈正方形，周長5.4公里，城墻最高處達11.5米，城基寬12米。內(nèi)城居于外城正中，周長3600米，現(xiàn)僅存西墻980米，南墻850米。宮城居于外城城北。請看，前方那數(shù)座高3米至4米的土臺稱為“可汗堡”，就是原回鵲高昌的宮廷所在地。這里發(fā)掘出的綠色琉璃瓦、紋飾華麗的石柱礎(chǔ)和巨幅的奏樂圖精美壁畫，記錄了故都昔日的繁華。據(jù)史書記載，鼎盛時期的能城有12個門，市內(nèi)房屋鱗次櫛比，有作坊、市場、廟宇和居民區(qū)等建筑，總面積為200萬平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，風(fēng)格與交河故城相似，下挖為院，掏洞為室，不用木料，為吐魯番一奇。
漢唐以來，高昌是連接中原、中亞、歐洲的樞紐，它既是經(jīng)貿(mào)活動的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的薈萃地。當(dāng)時波斯等 地的商人，從他們國家?guī)碥俎！⑵咸?、香料、胡椒、寶石和駿馬來到高昌城，又從這里帶走中原的絲綢、瓷器、茶葉和造紙、火藥、印刷術(shù)。與此同時，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)高昌傳入內(nèi)地。當(dāng)時的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活躍、最發(fā)達的地方。
高昌王國鼎盛時期;還孕育了豐富的高昌文化，成為高昌的珍貴遺產(chǎn)。麴氏高昌王國十任國王都是漢人，因此漢文化對高昌的影響顯而易見。但高昌畢竟屬于雜胡地帶，車師、回鶻、突厥以至后來的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族雜居，因此當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?shù)種語言，語種形態(tài)豐富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服飾也十分講究，并擅長制作美食。馳名中外的高昌古樂，更是高昌人的驕傲，它以濃烈的異域風(fēng)情和豐富的藝術(shù)語匯在漢唐時流行，被列入唐朝十部大樂之中，成為中西融合的文化瑰寶。可以這樣理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文體底蘊，使之成為代表西域歷史的典范和標(biāo)本。
講經(jīng)堂遺址→唐僧玄奘與高昌
游客們，高昌故城廢棄以后，被開墾為耕地，大部分地面建筑蕩然無存，遺址保存較好的除城墻外，還有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就讓我們乘著“驢的”前往參觀。
各位游客，請看這座大佛寺遺址，占地近1萬平方米。仔細觀察，這座佛寺的山門、講經(jīng)堂、大殿、藏經(jīng)樓、僧舍等建筑布局，仍歷歷在目。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫上的聯(lián)珠紋圖分析，其建筑年代屬麴氏高昌中期，約為隋代所建。
說起這座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘還曾到此講過經(jīng)。相傳公元620__年(唐貞觀三年)，玄奘29歲時，為了提高佛學(xué)水平，不畏艱險，從長安出發(fā)西行，沿絲綢之路到佛國印度游學(xué)取經(jīng)，歷時20__年。由于玄類取經(jīng)起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夾在西域商人中出行，因為沒有政府發(fā)給的公文，路上還曾受到緝拿。然而玄類在克服了重重困難以后，不僅從印度取得了佛經(jīng)，而且返回故土，著書立說，糾正了國內(nèi)僧侶對佛經(jīng)種.種不正確的解釋，成為最具聲望的一代高僧。
回國后，玄奘的境遇與出國前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重視，唐高宗李治在為紀念母親而建的慈恩寺內(nèi)造了一座大雁塔，專門用來供放玄奘帶回來的歷7部佛經(jīng)。玄奘在西行路上，途經(jīng)伊吾(今哈密)，當(dāng)高昌王麴文泰得知東土大唐不遠萬里來了一位求法的高僧時，便派人把玄類請來，專門安排在王宮內(nèi)居住，與玄奘結(jié)為兄弟。他還苦口婆心地勸說玄奘留在高昌當(dāng)“國師”，但不能動搖玄類西行探求真經(jīng)的堅志大愿。高昌王無奈，只好請玄類講經(jīng)一月后再走。
臨行前，高昌王為玄奘寫了24封致西域各國的通行文書，還贈送了馬匹和25名仆役。出發(fā)那天，全城夾道相送，高昌王鞠義泰抱住大師失聲勵哭，親自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜別。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事為我們留下了一段舌古佳話，以致吳承恩的神話小說《西游記》中就有以火焰山等為場景而衍化出的美麗傳奇。
各位游客，高昌故城的參觀即將結(jié)束了。望著這屢經(jīng)歲月剝蝕的故城，在領(lǐng)略它的古老、蒼茫和凝重之余，您還將作何觀感呢?“曾經(jīng)的輝煌將永遠讓人銘記”，或許這就是歷史給我們的啟迪吧!
吐魯番導(dǎo)游詞簡短篇十四
各位游客：
眾所周知，全國最熱點的地方是吐魯番，而吐魯番最熱的是方當(dāng)推火焰山?；纳蕉d嶺、寸草不生的火焰山，夏季最高氣溫達47.8℃以上。每當(dāng)盛夏，紅日當(dāng)頭，地氣蒸騰，煙云繚繞，十分壯觀。
火焰山的得名→山體特色
游客們，透過車窗，我們看到前方那座東西，猶如火龍橫臥在吐魯番盆地中央的赫紅色山體就是焰山。
火焰山的得名，主要源于其外觀形態(tài)。瞧!火焰山基巖裸露，赤褐色的砂巖在烈日的照耀下灼灼發(fā)光，熾熱的氣流滾滾上升，宛如萬道烈焰熊熊燃燒，“火焰山”之名，即由此而來，火焰山在古書上稱為赤石山，維吾爾語中稱它為“克孜勒塔格”，意思是紅山。唐代詩人岑參次經(jīng)過火焰山，寫下了“火山突兀赤亭口，火山五月火云厚。火山滿山凝未開，飛鳥千里。不敢來”的詩句。明代旅行家陳誠也曾寫詩描述道：“一片青煙一片紅，炎炎氣焰欲燒空。春光末半渾如夏，誰道西方有祝融。”可以稱得上是對火焰山的生動寫照。
火焰山的山體呈東西走向的狹長狀，全長98公里，南北寬9公里。一般高度500米左右，最高峰為831.7米。別看火焰山外表寸草不生，由于地殼運動斷裂與河水切割，在山體處，卻隱藏著許多道濃陰蔽日、田園如畫的溝坎峽谷，著名有葡萄溝、吐峪溝、桃兒溝、木頭溝、勝金口峽谷等。在這些谷中，溪澗縈回，瓜果飄香，花木蔥蘢，景色迷人，儼然一派“火洲”中的“花果塢”景象。
火焰山的形成→最佳觀察點勝金口
或許有的游客會問：火焰山是怎樣形成的?距今已有多少年的歷史了?對這兩個問題的回答要追溯到1.4億年前，當(dāng)時由于天山東部博格達山坡前山帶出現(xiàn)短小的褶皺，地殼發(fā)生變化，喜馬拉雅造山運動后，逐漸形成了山脈的雛形。此后歷了漫長的地質(zhì)歲月，跨越了侏羅紀、白堊紀和第三紀幾個地質(zhì)年代，加上特殊的氣候環(huán)境，就呈現(xiàn)出如今的地質(zhì)形狀。
游客們，前面就是觀察火焰山構(gòu)造的最佳位置勝金口，請各位下車，在有“火焰山”標(biāo)志的石座前攝影留念，然后再聽我講解。
勝金口西距吐魯番市30公里，連接新疆與內(nèi)地的312國道，依傍木頭溝河橫切火焰山而過。勝金口山勢險峻，自古以來就是兵家必爭之地。關(guān)于勝金口的名字，還有這么一段來歷：從前當(dāng)?shù)氐睦习傩瞻褎俳鹂诮凶觥皾B盡口”，那是因為木頭溝河水流出天山后，越來越少，到了勝金口一帶的戈壁灘，河水幾乎滲得干干凈凈，因此稱它為“滲盡口”。后來人們覺得這個名字不太吉利，便取其諧音改名為“勝金口”，于是一直沿用至今。
火焰山的故事：《西游記》神話→維吾爾民間傳說游客們，火焰山的得名，不僅由于它獨特的外觀構(gòu)造，其充滿傳奇色彩的神話故事也給它披上了一層神秘的面紗。
《西游記》唐僧師徒西天取經(jīng)受阻火焰山，孫悟空智斗鐵扇公主的故事就是其中之一?！段饔斡洝返谖迨呕睾偷诹亍疤迫芈纷杌鹧嫔?，孫行者三調(diào)芭蕉扇”中寫道：“西方路上有個斯哈哩國，乃日落之處，俗呼‘天盡頭’。這里有座火焰山，無春無秋，四季皆熱。那火焰山有八百里火焰，四周圍寸草不生。若過得山，就是銅腦殼，鐵身軀，也要化成汁哩?！边@段描述雖系夸張，但四季皆熱、寸草不生這些基本特征，與火焰山的實際狀況完全吻合，可見作者不是憑空臆造的。
在老百姓的眼里，善是最高的美，因而發(fā)生在火焰山的故事結(jié)局仍是正義必將戰(zhàn)勝邪惡，這在維吾爾族民間傳說中有了詳盡的表述。相傳在很早以前，天山深處有條惡龍，專吃童男童女，為此人們惶恐不安。當(dāng)?shù)氐淖罡呤最I(lǐng)決心為民除害，屠殺惡龍，于是派一位名叫哈拉和卓的勇士去降伏惡龍。經(jīng)過一番驚心動魄的激戰(zhàn)，哈拉和卓揮劍力劈惡龍，終于將惡龍制服，惡龍受傷后沿山旋轉(zhuǎn)，整座山脈被鮮血染成了紅色，因此，維吾爾人便把此山叫做“紅山”。
美好的傳說，深刻的含義，令人遐想。游客們，當(dāng)我們面對火焰山，停步仁立，凝思遙想，一定會覺得火焰山的奇景賞不夠，火焰山的故事聽不完。為使大家不留下遺憾，接下去游覽高昌故城、柏孜克里克千佛洞等景點，都要從火焰山旁經(jīng)過，因此我們可以從不同方位充分觀賞到火焰山的奇姿異彩。但愿火焰山之行能給您留下美好的回憶。
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