范文為教學(xué)中作為模范的文章，也常常用來(lái)指寫作的模板。常常用于文秘寫作的參考，也可以作為演講材料編寫前的參考。大家想知道怎么樣才能寫一篇比較優(yōu)質(zhì)的范文嗎？下面是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
冰箱的由來(lái)簡(jiǎn)寫 冰箱一詞來(lái)源篇一
對(duì)于現(xiàn)代的人，尤其是城市的人來(lái)說(shuō)，炎炎夏季，如果沒有冰箱該是多么可怕的事情。下面，我們就一起來(lái)看一篇公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀文章，了解一下冰箱的起源吧。
by the mid-nineteenth century, the term"icebox"had entered the american language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the united states. the ice trade grew with the growth of cities. ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. after the civil war(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. even before 1880, half the ice sold in new york, philadelphia, and baltimore, and one-third of that sold in boston and chicago, went to families for their own use. this had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. in the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. the commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
but as early as 1803, an ingenious maryland farmer, thomas moore, had been on the right track. he owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of washington, for which the village of georgetown was the market center. when he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. one advantage of his icebox, more explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
直到19 世紀(jì)中期，"冰箱"這個(gè)名詞才進(jìn)入了美國(guó)語(yǔ)言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國(guó)普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨著城市的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫(yī)院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車，同時(shí)也進(jìn)入了民用。甚至在1880 年前，半數(shù)在紐約、費(fèi)城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進(jìn)入家庭使用，因?yàn)橐环N新的家庭設(shè)備，冰箱，即現(xiàn)代冰箱的前身，被發(fā)明了。
制造一臺(tái)有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單。19 世紀(jì)早期，關(guān)于對(duì)冷藏科學(xué)至關(guān)重要的熱物理知識(shí)是很淺陋的。認(rèn)為最好的冰箱應(yīng)該防止冰的融化這樣一個(gè)普遍的觀點(diǎn)顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檎潜娜诨鹆酥评渥饔?。早期為?jié)省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來(lái)，使得冰不能發(fā)揮它的作用。直到近19 世紀(jì)末，發(fā)明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環(huán)的精確平衡。
但早在 1803 年，一位有發(fā)明天才的馬里蘭農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，托馬斯·莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，離華盛頓約 20 英里，那里的喬治鎮(zhèn)村莊是集市中心。當(dāng)他用自己設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱運(yùn)送黃油去市場(chǎng)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客們 會(huì)走過(guò)裝在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價(jià)更高的.價(jià)格買他仍然新鮮堅(jiān)硬，整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說(shuō)他的冰箱的一個(gè)好處是使得農(nóng)民們不必在夜里上路去市場(chǎng)以保持他們產(chǎn)品的低溫。更高的價(jià)格買他仍然新鮮堅(jiān)硬，整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說(shuō)他的冰箱的一個(gè)好處是使得農(nóng)民們不必在夜里上路去市 場(chǎng)以保持他們產(chǎn)品的低溫。
如何做原因性的題目
由于閱讀理解的文章絕大多數(shù)是屬于說(shuō)明文體裁，而說(shuō)明文的主要功能是對(duì)事物、現(xiàn)象的解釋和闡述。因此許多題目都涉及到分析和辨別事物的原因或成因。例如：
the main reason for the failure of the organization to achieve the success is that _____.
mouthwashes are not effective cure for bad breath mainly because _________.
which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes for the earthquake ______.
在做尋找事物原因的題目時(shí)，有幾點(diǎn)要特別注意。
1.問(wèn)的是主要原因或真正原因，而命題人員總把一些次要的，非直接的，非根本的原因放進(jìn)選項(xiàng)。由于這些次要的原因也是文章中提到的，因此考生如不仔細(xì)，往往會(huì)把次要原因當(dāng)作答案。
這就告訴我們，做這類題目，首先要注意問(wèn)題中的the main/chief/real cause (reason，factor) 這些詞，提醒自己，問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是主要原因。然后分析事物的諸多的原因，理出最主要的，直接的，根本的原因。
2.問(wèn)的是事物的原因，但出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)里的還有事物的后果、影響。由子這些后果、影響和原因一樣，都是指一件事，且都出現(xiàn)在同一相關(guān)段，或相關(guān)句中，稍不留心，就會(huì)搞錯(cuò)。
這就告訴我們，做尋找原因的題目時(shí)，對(duì)文章所說(shuō)的事物的原因、結(jié)果、影響，應(yīng)理清它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系。不要錯(cuò)把結(jié)果當(dāng)原因。
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